Preparing India for extreme weather events

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A details roadmap is needed, based on centre-state coordination, to minimise costs of extreme weather events.

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 Preparing India for extreme weather events


  1. The severe cyclones Tauktae and Yaas that hit Indian in 2021 came on the eastern and western coasts, resp., causing huge damage to infra, agri sector and residential areas
  2. Many died, millions were affected, and govt. estimated a loss of USD 4.3 billion; huge crop area was damaged, houses were destroyed, green cover in urban areas depleted
  3. The problem is arising from the rising sea surface temperature in northern Indian ocean, and geo-climatic conditions in India, which are bringing more numerous devastating cyclones in coastal States (total of 7% of global cyclones)
  4. Annually, of the 5-6 tropical cyclones that build over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, 2-3 turn severe; the Indian coastline of 7500 km has 96 districts and 26 crore people exposed to these (UN and WB estimates say by 2050, more than 20 crore urban residents would be exposed)
  5. From 1891 to 2020, of the 313 cyclones that crossed both coasts of India, 130 were severe cyclonic storms
  6. Cyclones have been the second most expensive natural disaster, though they were 15% of all disasters from 1999-2020 (12388 died, damage worth $32 b done)
  7. Cyclones are the third-most lethal after earthquakes (42%) and floods (33%)
  8. Now, early warning systems have reduced fatalities drastically (from 10378 in 1999 to 110 in 2020) - EWS, cyclone forecasting, better disaster management (timely evacuation, rehab, relief)
  9. Direct government expenditure on providing support worsened the fiscal load; an ADB report expected that by 2050, India may lose 1.8% of GDP annually due to this
  10. Global Climate Risk Index report 2021 finds India seventh worst-hit country globally in 2019 (extreme weather events) [first in human deaths, and economic losses too - 2267 and $68 b PPP terms]
  11. The 1999 super cyclone shook the Government of Odisha, and new mitigation measures were adopted in coastal areas, including shelters; then came the OSDMA (Odisha State Disaster Management Authority), and RAF too (Rapid Action Force)
  12. The toll from cyclones Hudhud, Fani, Amphan and Yaas was much lower
  13. Various steps possible - (i) Improve the pan-India cyclone warning system, (ii) Widen the cover under shelterbelt plantations and regenerate mangroves, (iii) build long-term mitigation infra like cyclone-resilient embankments and  canals, (iv) creating disaster-resilient power infra, giving concrete houses to the poor, and building awareness, (v) centre-state coordination
  1. 2021 में भारत में आए गंभीर चक्रवात तौकते और यास पूर्वी और पश्चिमी तटों पर आए, जिससे अधोसंरचना, कृषि क्षेत्र और आवासीय क्षेत्रों को भारी नुकसान हुआ
  2. कई मर गए, लाखों प्रभावित हुए, और सरकार का 4.3 बिलियन अमरीकी डालर के नुकसान का अनुमान है; भारी फसल क्षेत्र को नुकसान पहुंचा, मकान नष्ट हो गए, शहरी क्षेत्रों में हरियाली का बड़ा नुकसान हुआ
  3. समस्या उत्तरी हिंद महासागर में समुद्र की सतह के बढ़ते तापमान और भारत में भू-जलवायु परिस्थितियों से उत्पन्न हो रही है, जो तटीय राज्यों में अधिक विनाशकारी चक्रवात ला रही है (वैश्विक चक्रवातों का कुल 7%)
  4. अरब सागर और बंगाल की खाड़ी के ऊपर बनने वाले 5-6 उष्ण कटिबंधीय चक्रवातों में से 2-3 हर साल गंभीर हो जाते हैं; 7500 किलोमीटर की भारतीय तटरेखा में 96 जिले हैं और 26 करोड़ लोग इनके संपर्क में हैं (यूएन और डब्ल्यूबी का अनुमान है कि 2050 तक, 20 करोड़ से अधिक शहरी निवासियों को उजागर किया जाएगा)
  5. 1891 से 2020 तक भारत के दोनों तटों को पार करने वाले 313 चक्रवातों में से 130 भयंकर चक्रवाती तूफान थे
  6. चक्रवात दूसरी सबसे महंगी प्राकृतिक आपदा रही है, हालांकि वे 1999-2020 तक सभी आपदाओं का 15% थे (12388 की मृत्यु हो गई, 32 अरब डॉलर की क्षति हुई)
  7. भूकंप (42%) और बाढ़ (33%) के बाद तीसरे सबसे घातक चक्रवात हैं
  8. अब, पूर्व चेतावनी प्रणालियों ने मृत्यु दर में भारी कमी की है (1999 में 10378 से 2020 में 110 तक) - ईडब्ल्यूएस, चक्रवात पूर्वानुमान, बेहतर आपदा प्रबंधन (समय पर निकासी, पुनर्वास, राहत)
  9. सहायता प्रदान करने पर प्रत्यक्ष सरकारी व्यय से राजकोषीय भार बिगड़ गया; एडीबी की एक रिपोर्ट में अनुमान लगाया गया था कि 2050 तक भारत को इसके कारण सालाना जीडीपी का 1.8% का नुकसान हो सकता है
  10. ग्लोबल क्लाइमेट रिस्क इंडेक्स रिपोर्ट 2021 में भारत 2019 में विश्व स्तर पर सातवां सबसे हिट देश (चरम मौसम की घटनाएं) [मानव मृत्यु में पहला, और आर्थिक नुकसान भी - 2267 और $ 68 b पीपीपी शर्तों में पाया गया है]
  11. 1999 के सुपर साइक्लोन ने ओडिशा सरकार को हिलाकर रख दिया, और आश्रयों सहित तटीय क्षेत्रों में नए शमन उपायों को अपनाया गया; फिर ओएसडीएमए (ओडिशा राज्य आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण), और आरएएफ (रैपिड एक्शन फोर्स) भी आया
  12. हुदहुद, फानी, अम्फान और यास चक्रवातों से मरने वालों की संख्या बहुत कम थी
  13. विभिन्न संभव कदम - (i) अखिल भारतीय चक्रवात चेतावनी प्रणाली में सुधार, (ii) शेल्टरबेल्ट वृक्षारोपण के तहत कवर को चौड़ा करना और मैंग्रोव को पुन: उत्पन्न करना, (iii) चक्रवात-लचीला तटबंधों और नहरों जैसे दीर्घकालिक शमन बुनियादी ढांचे का निर्माण करना, (iv) बनाना आपदा-रोधी बिजली इंफ्रा, गरीबों को पक्के मकान देना और जागरुकता का निर्माण, (v) केंद्र-राज्य समन्वय

#ExtremeEvents #GlobalWarming #India #Cyclones 

(content from The Hindu newspaper; Analysis by Team PT | Please buy your own subscription of The Hindu)



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PT's IAS Academy: Preparing India for extreme weather events
Preparing India for extreme weather events
A details roadmap is needed, based on centre-state coordination, to minimise costs of extreme weather events.
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