Climate change - reality comes knocking

Governments make tall claims but do not walk the talk in climate matters. An update.

Climate change - reality comes knocking

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Read more on - Polity | Economy | Schemes | S&T | Environment

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• The story: On climate change issues, what governments claim, and what they do, often is marked with a wide gap. The world has seen the sharp hypocrisy of the Western world on this aspect.
• Why climate change accelerated: Everyone realises now, with scientific evidence, that the key reason for the climate crisis is the reckless drive for profit maximisation due to global capitalism led by the U.S. and its developed country allies. This resulted in ecological destruction in the name of development.

1. But despite overwhelming evidence of their complicity, even in the 2021 COP26, the rich world bullied the less developed world to accept higher targets for controlling greenhouse emissions when it has avoided doing so.
2. In fact, it has failed to implement their earlier commitments towards funds and technology transfer. In COP26, there was a push for ‘net zero’ emissions by 2050 as a standard across countries, without taking into account the cumulative emissions for which the Global North is mainly responsible.
3. The effort by some to equate India and other developing countries with the U.S. and Europe as the worst “emitters” is also misplaced precisely for this reason of cumulative emissions.
4. Truth is the U.S., Russia, the U.K., Japan and Canada account for 10% of the world’s population, but they constitute 39% of cumulative emissions. But China, India, Brazil and Indonesia account for 42% of the world’s population but just 23% of cumulative emissions.

• Why developing countries are blamed: 

1. Absence of end-use policy in coal mining - Developing countries are also exploiting natural and national resources rampantly. In COP26, India fought hard to protect its sovereign decisions on the use of fossil-based energy requirements from the hypocritical demands of the Global North. It must be remembered that India boasts of switching to solar energy to meet its emission control targets. But it is auctioning coal mines to privatize the coal industry for profit (rather than being merely for development purposes). Encouraging open cast mines without the guarantee of end-use is for commercialisation and export. 
2. India avoided the forest declaration - Over 140 countries signed the declaration on “halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030.” But India didn't sign the agreement on the ground that the declaration linked trade to land use and trade falls under the purview of the WTO. Indian policies towards corporatisation of agriculture and the encouragement to contract farming on conditions set by big agri-businesses undermine food security.
3. Protecting the rights of indigenous people - The same declaration has commitments to recognize and (extend) support to smallholders, indigenous peoples, and local communities. India did not sign these commitments as it seems to be following some policies that are diffrent.

• What is different: In amending the following Acts, the government has moved to monetize, privatize, commercialize and even militarise forests - (i) The Forest Act of 1927, (ii) The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, (iii) Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act of 1957, (iv) Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act of 1957, (v) Adoption of the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Rules.

1. This affects the recognized rights of forest communities and specifically tribal communities. These measures are reflected in the proposed Forest Policy of 2018.
2. All these changes strip the Gram Sabha of any voice in decision-making processes. From 2013-2019, it is estimated that 96% of tree cover loss occurred in natural forests. Making tribal communities who have the emitted least carbon pay with their lands is concerning.
3. The Forest Rights Act of 2006, which recognizes the rights and duties of Adivasis and traditional forest-dwelling communities, is being diluted with a high rejection of claims.

• Estimates Committee of Parliament: In the COP21 at Paris (2015), India had promised to develop carbon sinks equivalent of 2 billion to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030. The government has set up a Green Mission for the regeneration of forests, afforestation, additional forest and tree cover, and so on.

1. In its 2018-2019 report, the Estimates Committee criticized the government on progress towards these goals.
2. It reported that to fulfill the promise 30 million hectares of land are required to plant indigenous trees instead of monocultures or plantations as is being done now.
3. Planting trees along national highways or railway tracks will be a very small component of the required target.
4. There is a big gap in what's said on international forums, and what's done locally at home!

• Summary: The government must check its various pro-corporate policies which reflect in privatization. It needs to moderate its approach war on the Forest Rights Act and constitutional provisions that protect Adivasi communities. After all, it's only with the cooperation of those who have protected forests that India can make a real contribution to the efforts to control climate change and be an example to the rest of the world.
• EXAM QUESTIONS: (1) Hypocrisy in climate change is not the sole prerogative of the West, but also of India. Do you agree? Explain. (2) What specific policies of the Indian government need some moderation now, in light of the challenges being faced by Adivasis?

Read more on - Polity | Economy | Schemes | S&T | Environment

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