How to hold giant transnational companies to account

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How to control the behaviour of TNCs via the right structure in BITs, is under debate.

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 How to hold giant transnational companies to account

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    • ENGLISH ANALYSIS
  • There's a new report by the UN working group on "human rights, TNCs and other businesses"
  • It speaks about how international investment agreements can be made human rights compatible, and asks states to ensure BITs are compatible accordingly
  • Given the power that TNCs hold, their accountability matters (because several corruption scandals too emerged worldwide, e.g. Siemens in Germany)
  • Henry Kissinger in 1975 reminded the UN General Assembly that behaviour of TNCs must be controlled, leading to the development of a multilateral code of conduct, that was abandoned in 1992
  • Then came the neoliberal project, and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) spread everywhere; globalisation used international law to institutionalise itself
  • BITs gave TNCs (and investors) a lot of rights, with minimum obligations, a situation that was to change once the 2011 report of UN Special Rapporteur on business and human rights arrived
  • Till date, a system is being evolved to hold TNCs accountable; worth noting that BITs can be used to hold TNCs accountable
  • In the "Urbaser vs. Argentina case (2016)", the Spanish firm was a shareholder in a company delivering water and sewerage services in Argentina
  • Argentina's 2001 financial crisis also led to bankruptcy of Urbaser, which then brought claims against Argentina (that its rights under the Argentina-Spain BIT were violated)
  • Argentina claimed that services were below par, and the international human right to access to water was breached!
  • The Tribunal ruled that - (i) Only States have a positive obligation to meet the human right to water, and (ii) Corporations only have a negative obligation unless specific human rights obligations are imposed as part of the BIT
  • So if the BIT treaty specifically imposes such positive obligations, then TNCs can be held accountable (and that's starting to happen in many States now, but are exhorting in nature (hortatory) and not truly binding)
  • The 2021 UN Report is helpful even for India's BIT reforms
  • India's "Model BIT of 2016" has provisions on investor obligations, but have no binding ones
  • It's time for India to impose binding obligations on TNCs related to human rights and public health
  • TNCs can be held to account that way
  • [message]
    • HINDI ANALYSIS
  • "मानवाधिकार, टीएनसी और अन्य व्यवसायों" पर संयुक्त राष्ट्र के कार्यकारी समूह की एक नई रिपोर्ट आई है
  • यह कहती है कि अंतरराष्ट्रीय निवेश समझौतों को मानवाधिकारों के अनुकूल कैसे बनाया जा सकता है, और राज्यों से यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कहता है कि बीआईटी तदनुसार संगत बनाये जाएं
  • TNCs की शक्ति को देखते हुए, उनकी जवाबदेही मायने रखती है (क्योंकि कई भ्रष्टाचार घोटाले भी दुनिया भर में सामने आए, जैसे जर्मनी में सीमेंस का)
  • 1975 में हेनरी किसिंजर ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासभा में TNCs के व्यवहार को नियंत्रित किये जाने की ज़रुरत याद दिला दी, व आचरण के बहुपक्षीय कोड के विकास की भी, किन्तु 1992 में इसे छोड़ दिया गया
  • फिर नवउदारवादी परियोजना (नियो-लिबरल प्रोजेक्ट) आई, और द्विपक्षीय निवेश संधियां (बीआईटी) हर जगह फैलीं; वैश्वीकरण ने खुद को संस्थागत बनाने के लिए अंतरराष्ट्रीय कानून का इस्तेमाल किया
  • बीआईटी ने टीएनसी (और निवेशकों) को न्यूनतम दायित्वों के साथ बहुत सारे अधिकार दिए, एक ऐसी स्थिति जो व्यापार और मानवाधिकारों पर संयुक्त राष्ट्र के विशेष प्रतिवेदक की 2011 की रिपोर्ट आने के बाद बदलनी थी
  • अब तक, टीएनसी को जवाबदेह ठहराने के लिए एक प्रणाली विकसित की जा रही है; ध्यान देने योग्य बात यह है कि टीएनसी को जवाबदेह ठहराने के लिए बीआईटी का इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है
  • "अर्बसेर बनाम अर्जेंटीना मामले (2016)" में, स्पेनिश फर्म अर्जेंटीना में पानी और सीवरेज सेवाएं प्रदान करने वाली कंपनी में एक शेयरधारक थी।
  • अर्जेंटीना के 2001 के वित्तीय संकट ने उरबासर के दिवालियेपन को भी जन्म दिया, जो तब अर्जेंटीना के खिलाफ दावे लाए (कि अर्जेंटीना-स्पेन बीआईटी के तहत उसके अधिकारों का उल्लंघन किया गया था)
  • अर्जेंटीना ने दावा किया कि सेवाएं बराबर से कम थीं, और पानी तक पहुंच के अंतरराष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार का उल्लंघन किया गया था!
  • ट्रिब्यूनल ने फैसला सुनाया कि - (i) पानी के मानव अधिकार को पूरा करने के लिए केवल राज्यों का सकारात्मक दायित्व है, और (ii) निगमों का केवल नकारात्मक दायित्व है जब तक कि विशिष्ट मानवाधिकार दायित्वों को बीआईटी के हिस्से के रूप में लागू नहीं किया जाता है।
  • इसलिए यदि बीआईटी संधि विशेष रूप से इस तरह के सकारात्मक दायित्वों को लागू करती है, तो टीएनसी को जवाबदेह ठहराया जा सकता है (और यह अब कई राज्यों में होने लगा है, लेकिन प्रकृति में प्रोत्साहित कर रहे हैं (बाध्यकारी) और वास्तव में बाध्यकारी नहीं हैं)
  • 2021 की UN रिपोर्ट भारत के BIT सुधारों के लिए भी मददगार है
  • भारत के "2016 के मॉडल बीआईटी" में निवेशक दायित्वों पर प्रावधान हैं, लेकिन कोई बाध्यकारी नहीं है
  • भारत के लिए मानव अधिकारों और सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य से संबंधित TNCs पर बाध्यकारी दायित्वों को लागू करने का समय आ गया है
  • TNCs के व्यवहार को इस तरह से नियंत्रण में रखा जा सकता है
#TNCs #MNCs #UN #BIT

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PT's IAS Academy: How to hold giant transnational companies to account
How to hold giant transnational companies to account
How to control the behaviour of TNCs via the right structure in BITs, is under debate.
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