Millions of deaths can be prevented, if rules pertaining to hazardous chemicals are implemented properly.
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Hazardous Chemicals kill - WHO report
- The story: Deaths due to exposure to hazardous chemicals worldwide rose 29 per cent in 2019 from what they were in 2016, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). While most of these deaths were preventable, countries don’t have enough legal control on the use of hazardous compounds such as lead.
- Data: Two million people (20 lakh) died due to exposure to hazardous chemicals in 2019, compared to 1.56 million (15.6 lakh) in 2016. The worrying estimates were released by Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General, in July, at the Berlin Forum on Chemicals and Sustainability: Ambition and Action towards 2030. Between 4,270 and 5,400 people died every day due to unintentional exposure to chemicals. Children and young adults were particularly affected by unintentional poisoning from hazardous chemicals.
- What are these chemicals: Hazardous chemicals are present in the air, in consumer products, at the workplace, in water, or in the soil. They can cause several diseases including mental, behavioural and neurological disorders, cataracts, or asthma.
- What countries need to do: The data shows the need for regulation and effective governance of chemicals. India too must take a note of this as the country’s national chemical policy has been pending since 2012. There is a need for a comprehensive law in the country to regulate chemical use, production and safety, DD Basu, former scientist, Central Pollution Control Board, told Down To Earth.
- In 2020, UNICEF had raised concerns on the impact of lead pollution on the health of children in its report The Toxic Truth. At least 1 in 3 children — up to approximately 800 million globally — have blood lead levels at or above 5 micrograms per decilitre (µg/dL).
- Most deaths due to exposure to hazardous chemicals are preventable, according to the WHO. They can be prevented by reducing or removing chemical exposure.
- Lead poisoning: Lead exposure that, in turn, causes cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic kidney diseases and idiopathic intellectual disability, is said to be responsible for nearly 45 per cent or close to half of these deaths in 2019. Over 9 lakh people died from exposure to lead. Of these, close to 9 out of every 10 persons died from CVD due to lead exposure. In fact, the deaths due to lead exposure have also increased by a disturbing 67 per cent since 2016. Lead is added to paints for various reasons, including enhancing the colour, reducing corrosion and decreasing the drying time.
- Not able to control: The world is lagging behind in controlling lead use. Just 41 per cent of countries including India, have legally binding controls on the production, import, sale and use of lead paints, according to the WHO. At least 17 African countries do not have legally bounding control on lead paint use.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from occupational exposure to particulates and cancers from occupational exposure to carcinogens too accounted for a substantial share of the preventable deaths.
- COPD from exposure to occupational particulates including dust, fumes and gas claimed over 0.5 million lives. Over 3.5 million died from cancers due to occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals like arsenic, asbestos and benzene.
- Disability-adjusted life-years lost too: In 2019, 53 million disability-adjusted life-years were lost. This is an increase by over 19 per cent since 2016. Some 45 million disability-adjusted life-years were lost due to unregulated use of chemicals in 2016. There has been a 56 per cent increase in disability-adjusted life-years lost due to exposure to lead since 2016, a closer look at the WHO data shows. In 2019, 21.6 million disability-adjusted life-years were lost due to lead exposure.
- Summary: Through dedicated implementation of laws, lakhs of deaths can be prevented worldwide, including in India.
- EXAM QUESTIONS: (1) Explain the nature of hazardous chemicals that kill millions worldwide, each year, by exposure. What does the WHO data indicate? (2) What is exposure to lead all about? What complications arise due to it? Explain. (3) What are the governance issues related to controlling exposure of citizens to hazardous chemicals? Explain India's position on the matter.
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