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Poverty in India - Part 2
9.0 NITI Aayog - SDG India Index : Baseline Report 2018
A single measurable Index has been made by NITI to map progress of States & UTs towards 2030 SDGs, that India is committed to.
The SDG India Index, which was developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Global Green Growth Institute and United Nations in India, was launched by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Dr Rajiv Kumar, CEO Shri Amitabh Kant, UN Resident Coordinator Mr. Yuri Afanasiev and MoSPI Secretary & CSI Shri Pravin Srivastava.
9.1 SDGs and India
NITI Aayog has the twin mandate to oversee the implementation of SDGs in the country, and also promote Competitive and Cooperative Federalism among States and UTs. The SDG India Index acts as a bridge between these mandates, aligning the SDGs with the Prime Minister’s clarion call of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, which embodies the five Ps of the global SDG movement – people, planet, prosperity, partnership and peace.
The world is now into the third year of the SDG era. The SDGs are ambitious global development goals that address key aspects of universal wellbeing across different socio-economic, cultural, geographical divisions and integrate the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development.
India’s National Development Agenda is mirrored in the SDGs. India’s progress in SDGs is crucial for the world as the country is home to about 17% of the world population.
9.2 The SDG India Index
It tracks progress of all States and UTs on 62 Priority Indicators selected by NITI Aayog, which in turn is guided by MoSPI’s National Indicator Framework comprising 306 indicators and based on multiple-round consultations with Union Ministries/Departments and States/UTs. The Index spans 13 out of 17 SDGs. Progress on SDGs 12, 13 & 14 could not be measured as relevant State/UT level data were not available and SDG 17 was left out as it focuses on international partnerships.
A composite score was computed between the range of 0-100 for each State and UT based on their aggregate performance across 13 SDGs, which indicates average performance of State/UT towards achieving 13 SDGs & their respective targets.
If a State/UT achieves a score of 100, it signifies that it has achieved the 2030 national targets. The higher the score of a State/UT, the greater the distance to target achieved.
Classification Criteria based on SDG India Index Score is as follows:
Aspirant: 0-49
Performer: 50-64
Front Runner: 65-99
Achiever: 100
Final results were :
Aspirant - Assam, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
Performer - Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Telangana, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Delhi and Lakshadweep
Front Runner - Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Chandigarh and Puducherry
Achiever - NA
OVERALL RESULT :
SDG India Index Score Range - State 42-69 | UT 57-68
Top Performer/s - State Himachal Pradesh & Kerala | UT Chandigarh
Aspirant - State Uttar Pradesh | UT Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Notes :
- Himachal Pradesh ranks high on providing clean water & sanitation, in reducing inequalities & preserving mountain ecosystem
- Kerala’s top rank is attributed to its superior performance in providing good health, reducing hunger, achieving gender equality & providing quality education
- Chandigarh leads because of its exemplary performance in providing clean water & sanitation, affordable & clean energy, generating decent work & economic growth, & providing quality education
10.0 India and World Poverty - 2019 and beyond
As 2018 ended, extreme poverty was at the lowest level in recorded history but was expected to become increasingly concentrated in one region. A record number of people have been forcibly displaced from their homes, and an influential new report confirms we’re running out of time to limit global warming. Yet, innovation and disruptive technologies are helping to bring clean energy to millions and connecting hundreds of millions of people to the financial system.
10.1 Extreme poverty is at the lowest level in recorded history
In 1990, more than a third of people in the world lived in extreme poverty – living on $1.90 a day or less. In 2015, the most recent year with robust data, extreme poverty reached 10 percent, the lowest level in recorded history. Over the last three decades, more than one billion people lifted themselves out of extreme poverty, and about half of the world’s countries have reduced extreme poverty to below 3 percent.
This is one of the great achievements of our time, but we have a lot more work to do – 736 million people still live in extreme poverty, the pace of poverty reduction is slowing, and those living in extreme poverty will be harder to reach. The poverty rate in areas suffering from fragility, conflict, and violence climbed to 36 percent in 2015, up from a low of 34.4 percent in 2011, and that rate will likely increase.
10.2 Extreme poverty more concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa
Unlike most of the rest of the world, the total number of extremely poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa is increasing, from 278 million in 1990 to 413 million in 2015. In 2015, Sub-Saharan Africa was home to 27 of the world’s 28 poorest countries and had more extremely poor people than in the rest of the world combined. Nigeria is expected to pass India as the country with the most people living in extreme poverty, if it hasn’t already. While the average poverty rate for other regions was below 13% as of 2015, it stood at about 41% in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018, the factors behind the higher levels of poverty in Africa include the region’s slower growth rates, problems caused by conflict and weak institutions, and a lack of success in channeling growth into poverty reduction.
10.3 The Indian situation
India may have reduced extreme poverty substantially from 2005 onwards. The last official data, of 2011, showed 26.8 crore people surviving on less than $1.90 a day (the World Bank measure for extreme poverty).
The next round of data on household consumption was planned for June 2019, and it may well show a drastic drop in the number of poor. Rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programmes have helped make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country.
India’s last household survey of 2017/18 (to be released in 2019) captures household consumption more comprehensively — it will include an adjustment for owner-occupied housing and measure other items in accordance with common international practices. According to the World Data Lab — which monitors global poverty using advanced statistical models — less than 5 crore Indians may be living on less than $1.90 a day now.
Extreme poverty has been reducing fast and the world may have underestimated India’s achievements. The inclusive growth policies pursued by successive governments and the use of direct benefit transfer schemes for delivery of social sector programmes such as MNREGA, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and other such schemes have made a difference.
To project the household expenditure for 2018, the World Data Lab used the growth rates to household final consumption expenditure from the national accounts survey. The data shows that India will be out of the list of top 10 countries in terms of extreme poverty by 2030. African countries will represent nine of the top 10 countries by that year.
We have provided 4 reference images to put this in perspective.
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