CONCEPT – THE US INVASION OF IRAQ

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 CONCEPT – THE US INVASION OF IRAQ

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    • Iraq war commences: When US-led forces attacked Iraq in 2003, it was the first stage of the Iraq War. Invasion began on 19 March 2003 and over one month, including 21 days of major combat operations. It is also called the Second Persian Gulf War (2003–11), with two phases -
      1. The first was a brief, conventionally fought war in March–April 2003
      2. The second was a longer second phase in which a U.S.-led occupation of Iraq was opposed by an insurgency. After violence began to decline in 2007, the United States gradually reduced its military presence in Iraq, formally completing its withdrawal in December 2011.
    • The first Persian Gulf war: Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and its defeat by a U.S.-led coalition was part of the First Persian Gulf War (1990–91). 
      1. The Iraqi branch of the Ba’th Party, headed by Saddam Hussein, managed to retain power by harshly suppressing uprisings of the country’s minority Kurds and its majority Shiite Arabs. 
      2. To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a “safe haven” in northern Iraq’s predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. 
      3. To restrain future Iraqi aggression, the United Nations (UN) implemented economic sanctions against Iraq in order to hinder the progress of its most lethal arms programs, including development of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.
    • 2003 Coalition attack: A combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq. This early stage ended on 1 May 2003 when U.S. President George W. Bush Jr. declared the "End of major combat operations". Soon, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was created as the first of several successive transitional governments. The first Iraqi parliamentary election took place in January 2005. 
    • Who sent what: The U.S.-led coalition sent 1,77,194 troops into Iraq during the initial invasion phase (19 March to 1 May 2003). About 1,30,000 arrived from the U.S., 45,000 from UK, 2,000 from Australia, and 194 from Poland. 36 other countries were involved in its aftermath. 
    • What was the goal: According to U.S. and U.K. (Prime Minister Tony Blair), the coalition aimed "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people." Some others think that the main goal was to avenge the September 11 attacks on US soil. However, till date, no conclusive evidence of WMDs has ever been shared with the world.
    • The world resisted: On 15 February 2003, a month before the invasion, there were worldwide protests against the Iraq War, including a rally of three million people in Rome (the largest ever anti-war rally). 
    • The attack: The main body of coalition forces continued their drive into the heart of Iraq and met with little resistance. Most of the Iraqi military was quickly defeated and the coalition occupied Baghdad on 9 April. Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and the central leadership went into hiding as the coalition forces completed the occupation of Iraq. On 1 May President George W. Bush declared an end to major combat operations: this ended the invasion period and began the period of military occupation.
    • New terminology: This campaign featured a variety of new terminology. The military official name for the invasion was Operation Iraqi Freedom. Also notable was the usage "death squads" to refer to Fedayeen paramilitary forces. Members of the Saddam Hussein government were called by disparaging nicknames – e.g., "Chemical Ali" (Ali Hassan al-Majid), "Baghdad Bob" or "Comical Ali" (Muhammed Saeed al-Sahaf), and "Mrs. Anthrax" or "Chemical Sally" (Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash). "Axis of evil" was used by Bush during a State of the Union address on 29 January 2002 to refer to the countries of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.
    • Death of Saddam Hussein: Iraqi leaders fled into hiding. Saddam Hussein was captured on December 13, 2003, and was turned over to Iraqi authorities in June 2004 to stand trial for various crimes; he was subsequently convicted of crimes against humanity and was executed on December 30, 2006.
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                                                                                                                                                        PT's IAS Academy: CONCEPT – THE US INVASION OF IRAQ
                                                                                                                                                        CONCEPT – THE US INVASION OF IRAQ
                                                                                                                                                        Excellent study material for all civil services aspirants - begin learning - Kar ke dikhayenge!
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