An ongoing quest for equality (Sabarimala verdict)

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An ongoing quest for equality (Sabarimala verdict)

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  • The Sabarimala verdict: On 28th Sept 2018, the SC by a 4:1 decision allowed entry for women of all ages in the Sabarimala temple, including women 10-50 years old (menstruating; banned).    
  • Issues at stake: Many complex questions pop up in this matter.
    1. Upto what extent can the SC intervene in matters of religion?
    2. Should the court disturb ethical choices made by a community of believers?
    3. How to judge the integrity behind such acts?
    4. Are religious practices subject to the constitutional standards of justice and equality?
  • These questions are open to diverse interpretations.
  • Majority opinion: Majority agreed that women of all ages must be allowed free access to the Sabarimala temple, but the four judges had a different vision. One judge dissented completely.
  • Arguments of the defendants:
    1. The temple enjoyed denominational status under Article 26, and was free to determine the manner in which it manages its religious affairs.
    2. Since Lord Ayyapa is a 'Naishtika Brahamachari' there is a custom of prohibiting menstruating women from entering the temple. This custom was supported by rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Worship Rules, 1965.
  • The Court's stand:
    1. The court stated that the denominational status does not have any doctrinal or factual support.
    2. The devotees at the Sabarimala temple are not separate from the larger community of Hindu believers. Hence Rule 3 (b) was repudiated.
  • The dissenting opinion:
    1. Justice Indu Malhotra dissented.
    2. Since no person actually offended by the rule had approached the SC, the PIL was not maintainable.
    3. The Sabarimala temple constitutes a separate religious denomination. The temple administrators were free to make exceptions in religious practices.
  • The question of Essential Practices:
    1. Whether a religious practice is constitutionally protected depends on whether that practice is essential.
    2. The majority opinion said that nature of Hindu religion would not be fundamentally altered by allowing women.    CONCEPT
    3.  Justice Malhotra – Judicial review should not give the courts the authority to judge rationality  of faith.
  • Complex questions: The dissenting opinion throws up two complex questions.
    1. How far can the right to freedom of religion extend?
    2. To what extent a group’s collective liberty can be considered more important than an individual’s right?
  • Justice Chandrachud's opinion:
    1. Religious matters have muddled up the court's jurisdiction. The key question should be whether the Constitution “ascribes to religion and to religious denominations the authority to enforce practices which exclude a group of citizens”.
    2. These claims should be examined by applying a principle of "anti-exclusion" and not by reference to the essential practices doctrine.
  • The future:
    1. If a religious practice denies women equal status in society it cannot be accepted as constitutional.
    2. The SC will soon have to examine the opinion of the defendants when it hears argument in its 1962 judgment regarding the Dai-al-Mutlaq's powers to excommunicate persons from membership of the  Dawoodi Bohra community.
Summary Judicial questions pertaining to religious practices are complex and need a thorough examination, but never will all groups affected agree to the outcome!
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    PT's IAS Academy: An ongoing quest for equality (Sabarimala verdict)
    An ongoing quest for equality (Sabarimala verdict)
    Excellent study material for all civil services aspirants - begin learning - Kar ke dikhayenge!
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