The missing tiers

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 The missing tiers

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  • 73rd and 74th amendments, 1993: The most important constitutional amendments in 1993 saw the official creation of the Panchayats, and the Municipalities. It’s been 25 years.
  • Urban local bodies couldn’t do very well: This decentralised model created the third layer of govt. in India, and today in Smart Cities’ context, ULB performance is being examined. General consensus is they haven’t done well. Why? Because of funding constraints. But that’s not all.  
  • Deliberate weakening: There is deliberate disempowerment and depoliticisation of ULBs. How?
    1. Elected city representatives are made subservient to state politicians. Mayors are elected, but Municipal Commissioners (state-appointed) hold most powers. This kills the potential of city-level Mayors to ever challenge state-level politicians.
    2. Parastatal agencies further reduce ULBs’ powers. Example : Urban development authorities, corporations dealing with water, electricity, transportation etc.
    3. Urban planning and land-use is controlled by state, not ULBs!
  • The new trouble: The pre-74th amendment relics haven’t been removed, and the Smart Cities Mission has totally eliminated the role of ULBs now! The Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) made for Smart Cities will be autonomous with their own CEOs, with ULBs not interfering.
  • No third tier in reality: This has rendered the concept of “third tier” meaningless. Today we have only two governments – The Union and the State governments.
  • Structural problems with 74th amendment: (a) Many key provisions not mandatory for State govts., (b) Functions under 12th schedule of devolution have missed out urban transport, housing etc., (c) Industrial township exceptions, etc.
  • Sad state of civic activism: It is restricted to creation of Ward Committees and Metro planning committees only. Widespread political dispersal (like in three types of Panchayats – village, taluk and district level) is needed. As of now, only one ULB is made – either municipal corp., municipal council or town panchayat. Time for serious thought about restructuring urban governance.
  • Summary : The spirit of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments – to create an empowered third tier of govt. – is all but lost due to States not willing to share political power with the third tier.
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PT's IAS Academy: The missing tiers
The missing tiers
Excellent study material for all civil services aspirants - begin learning - Kar ke dikhayenge!
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