Analysis and update - NCRB's 'Crime in India Report' 2020

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An insight into the crime report tells the direction of society

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 Analysis and update - NCRB's 'Crime in India Report' 2020
Read more on - Polity | Economy | Schemes | S&T | Environment
  • The report: This is the oldest and the most prestigious publication brought out by NCRB. The data for the report is collected by State Crime Records Bureaux (SCRBx) from the District Crime Records Bureaux (DCRBx) and sent to NCRB at the end of every calendar year under the reference. Data from mega-cities (cities having population of 10 lakh or more as per the latest census) is also collected separately. District-wise data on some IPC heads is collected and published separately. The first edition of 'Crime in India' pertains to the year 1953 and the latest edition of the report pertains to the year 2020.
  • What it contains: The report contains comprehensive information on: (i) cases registered and their disposal and (ii) persons arrested and their disposal. Under major heads of Indian Penal Codes and Special & Local Laws. Further, age-group-wise and sex-wise details of persons arrested under these crime-heads are also available in the report. The report contains a dedicated chapter on crime against some vulnerable sections of the society - women, children, Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes and senior citizens. The above crime data is presented in graphic / chart format, table format and map format.
  • Some insights from 2020: Across all States and UTs -
  1. A total of 66,01,285 cognizable crimes comprising 42,54,356 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 23,46,929 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes were registered in 2020. It shows an increase of 14,45,127 (28.0%) in registration of cases over 2019 (51,56,158 cases).
  2. Crime rate registered per lakh population has increased from 385.5 in 2019 to 487.8 in 2020. During 2020, registration of cases under IPC has increased by 31.9% whereas SLL crimes have increased by 21.6% over 2019. Percentage share of IPC was 64.4% while percentage share of SLL cases was 35.6% of total cognizable crimes during 2020.
  3. Offences Affecting the Human Body - Summary - A total of 10,47,216 cases of offences affecting the human body were registered which accounted for 24.6% of total IPC crimes during 2020, out of which hurt (5,78,641 cases) accounted for maximum cases i.e. 55.3%, followed by cases of causing death by negligence (1,26,779 cases, 12.1%) and cases of Assault on Women with Intent to Outrage her Modesty (85,392 cases, 8.2%).
  4. Murder - A total of 29,193 cases of murder were registered during 2020, showing a marginal increase of 1.0% over 2019 (28,915 cases). ‘Disputes’ (10,404 cases) was the motive in highest number of murder cases during 2020 followed by ‘Personal vendetta or enmity’ (4,034 cases) and ‘Gain’ (1,876 cases).
  5. Kidnapping & Abduction - A total of 84,805 cases of kidnapping & abduction were registered during 2020, showing a decrease of 19.3% over 2019 (1,05,036 cases). A total of 88,590 (14,869 male and 73,721 female) victims were reported kidnapped or abducted during 2020, out of which 56,591 (8,715 male and 47,876 female) victims were children and 31,999 (6,154 male and 25,845 female) victims were adult.
  6. Offences against Public Tranquillity - A total of 71,107 cases of offences against public tranquility were registered under various sections of IPC during 2020, out of which rioting (51,606 cases) accounted for 72.6% of total such cases. The cases of offences against public tranquility have increased by 12.4% in 2020 over 2019 (63,262 cases).
  7. Crime against Women - A total of 3,71,503 cases of crime against women were registered during 2020, showing a decline of 8.3% over 2019 (4,05,326 cases). Majority of cases under crime against women under IPC were registered under ‘Cruelty by Husband or His Relatives’ (30.0%) followed by ‘Assault on Women with Intent to Outrage her Modesty’ (23.0%), ‘Kidnapping & Abduction of Women’ (16.8%) and ‘Rape’ (7.5%). The crime rate registered per lakh women population is 56.5 in 2020 in comparison with 62.3 in 2019.
  8. Crime against Children - A total of 1,28,531 cases of crime against children were registered during 2020, showing a decrease of 13.2% over 2019 (1,48,090 cases). In percentage terms, major crime heads under ‘Crime Against Children’ during 2020 were Kidnapping & Abduction (42.6%) and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (38.8%) including child rape. The crime rate registered per lakh children population is 28.9 in 2020 in comparison with 33.2 in 2019.
  9. Juveniles in Conflict with Law - A total of 29,768 cases have been registered against Juveniles during 2020, depicting a decrease of 7.8% over 2019 (32,269 cases). The crime rate also depicts a decrease from 7.2 in 2019 to 6.7 in 2020. A total of 35,352 juveniles were apprehended in 29,768 cases, out of which 31,618 juveniles were apprehended under cases of IPC and 3,734 juveniles were apprehended under cases of SLL during 2020.  Majority of juveniles in conflict with law apprehended under IPC & SLL crimes were in the age group of 16 years to 18 years (76.2%) (26,954 out of 35,352) during 2020.
  10. Crime against Senior Citizens - A total of 24,794 cases were registered for committing crime against Senior Citizens (aged above 60 years), showing a decrease of 10.8% in registration over 2019 (27,804 cases). Crime head-wise cases revealed that simple hurt with 25.8% (6,396 cases) formed the highest chunk of cases of crimes against Senior Citizens followed by Theft with 11.6% (2,872 cases) and FCF (Forgery, Cheating & Fraud) with 10.0% (2,490 cases) during 2020.
  11. Crime/Atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs) - A total of 50,291 cases were registered for committing crime against Scheduled Castes (SCs), showing an increase of 9.4% over 2019 (45,961 cases). Crime rate registered showed an increase from 22.8 in 2019 to 25.0 in 2020. Crime head-wise cases revealed that simple hurt with 32.9% (16,543 cases) formed the largest chunk of cases of crimes/atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs) during 2020. It was followed by cases under SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act with 8.5% (4,273 cases) and cases under Criminal Intimidation with 7.5% (3,788 cases).
  12. Crime/Atrocities against Scheduled Tribes (STs) - A total of 8,272 cases were registered for committing crime against Scheduled Tribes (STs), showing an increase of 9.3% over 2019 (7,570 cases). Crime rate registered increased from 7.3 in 2019 to 7.9 in 2020. Crime head-wise cases revealed that simple hurt (2,247 cases) formed the highest number of cases of crimes/atrocities against Scheduled Tribes (STs) accounting for 27.2% during 2020, it was followed by rape with 13.7% (1,137 cases) and assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty with 10.7% (885 cases).
  13. Cyber Crimes - A total of 50,035 cases were registered under Cyber Crimes, showing an increase of 11.8% in registration over 2019 (44,735 cases). Crime rate under this category increased from 3.3 in 2019 to 3.7 in 2020. During 2020, 60.2% of cyber-crime cases registered were for the motive of fraud (30,142 out of 50,035 cases) followed by sexual exploitation with 6.6% (3,293 cases) and Extortion with 4.9% (2,440 cases).
  • Summary: Crime is manifestation of myriad complex factors. The causes of criminal behavior lie in the social processes and structures. People commit crimes due to the process of socialization that does not develop strong sense of right or wrong and due to the emerging opportunities, the enlarging desires that act as strong motivation for taking to crime to fulfill these desires. The genesis of crime can be traced to interplay of various social, economic, demographic, local and institutional factors. The presumption that crime occurs because of the failures of police therefore displays a complete lack of understanding of the theories of criminal behavior. Further, these social factors along with other latent and concomitant factors vary significantly across different regions, states and societies. The differences in procedures over large geographical regions and styles of functioning inherent between organizations also create wide variances. Hence, doing comparison among States/districts/regions/social groups etc. on the basis of these published data alone will be too simplistic and is best avoided.
  • EXAM QUESTIONS: (1) List five steps that governments can take to minimise crime against women and children in India. (2) How effective are modern policing methods in India? Explain. (3) What are the various problems that politicisation of police forces cause, in India? Explain.
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PT's IAS Academy: Analysis and update - NCRB's 'Crime in India Report' 2020
Analysis and update - NCRB's 'Crime in India Report' 2020
An insight into the crime report tells the direction of society
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