National security concept undergoing massive shift

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World is changing fundamentally, and governments are reconceptualising their national security needs, keeping a focus on the domestic.

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 National security concept undergoing massive shift

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  • [message]
    • ENGLISH ANALYSIS
  • The global security situation has changed very fast in recent months, unlike ever before
  • Immediate visible changes include the rise of China, the problems of climate change, challenges of counter-terrorism and never ending Covid-19 pandemic (the four CCCC)
  • New order isn't in place, and old order is going away fast, forcing countries to confront totally new national security deliberations
  • All earlier assumptions are off, and holistic considerations are being attempted
  • American situation - Policymakers there are now continuing with what Trump had proposed - "foreign policy is domestic policy, and domestic is foreign"
  • NSA Jake Sullivan says the multiple domestic crises America faces - pandemic, economic crisis, climate crisis, technology crisis, threats to democracy itself, racial injustice, inequality - will all reflect in the kind of associations US will build for the future worldwide
  • The criterion to be used will be - will it make life better, easier, safer for working families or not?
  • US Secretary of State Antony Blinken says that domestic and foreign policies have gotten intertwined tightly now
  • President Biden's election campaign was based on " a foreign policy for the middle-class" and wanted an America that would invest in people, innovation, and uniting of democracies across the world to reduce inequalities (and fight the predatory trade practices)
  • US now accepts that the Cold War needed nuclear bombs, missiles, aircraft carriers and overseas bases, but 21st century crises need a new approach
  • US has to now focus on renewing domestic industries, take the lead in major technologies, make resilient supply chains, battle cyberattacks properly, and fight climate change urgently
  • All major nations always try foreign policies that help at home, because political support is a must for all governments; but Trump's sudden rise in 2017 shocked both American liberals and conservatives, as the gap between policymakers and American hinterland was laid bare
  • President Biden is building an integrated policy, taking all departments along (foreign policy, economy, domestic policy, technology policy)
  • India also realised in the pandemic 2020 how deeply dependent it had become on Chinese imports, and while facing the PLA soliders at the LAC, it was a sobering realisation
  • Supply chain dependence was actually a national security issue for India now, one that cannot be ignored any more
  • So what did India do? It tried building domestic capacities in critical areas, and seeking new FTAs with other countries
  • Army Chief MM Naravane said that "national security includes much more than warfare and defence, and incorporates security in food, health, finance, energy and environment too" (so a 'whole of government' approach needed)
  • Now, the world is in post-pandemic phase, and countries are struggling with resources; all have to build civilian-military synergy
  • An example is indigenisation of defence procurement, that pushes domestic industry or military logistics ability helping governments during emergencies, etc.
  • Goving forward, governments will have to use their ends, ways and means into greater balance, and all instruments of statecraft will have to bring the foreign and the domestic together
  • [message]
    • HINDI ANALYSIS
  • वैश्विक सुरक्षा स्थिति हाल के महीनों में बहुत तेजी से बदली है, पहले के विपरीत
  • तत्काल दिखाई देने वाले परिवर्तनों में चीन का उदय, जलवायु परिवर्तन की समस्याएं, आतंकवाद का मुकाबला करने की चुनौतियां और कभी न खत्म होने वाली कोविड-19 महामारी (चार सीसीसीसी) शामिल हैं
  • नई व्यवस्था अभी बनी नहीं है, और पुरानी तेजी से जा रही है, जिससे देशों को पूरी तरह से नए राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा विचार-विमर्श का सामना करना पड़ रहा है
  • पहले की सभी धारणाएं टूट चुकी हैं, और समग्र विचारों का प्रयास किया जा रहा है
  • अमेरिकी स्थिति - नीति निर्माता अब ट्रम्प द्वारा प्रस्तावित किए गए प्रस्ताव के साथ जारी हैं - "विदेश नीति घरेलू नीति है, और घरेलू विदेशी है"
  • एन.एस.ए. जेक सुलिवन का कहना है कि अमेरिका जिन कई घरेलू संकटों का सामना कर रहा है - महामारी, आर्थिक संकट, जलवायु संकट, प्रौद्योगिकी संकट, लोकतंत्र के लिए खतरा, नस्लीय अन्याय, असमानता - सभी उस तरह के संघों को प्रतिबिंबित करेंगे जो अमेरिका दुनिया भर में भविष्य के लिए बनाएगा
  • उपयोग की जाने वाली कसौटी होगी - क्या यह कामकाजी परिवारों के लिए जीवन को बेहतर, आसान, सुरक्षित बनाएगी या नहीं?
  • अमेरिकी विदेश मंत्री एंटनी ब्लिंकन का कहना है कि घरेलू और विदेशी नीतियां अब आपस में घनिष्ठ रूप से जुड़ गई हैं
  • राष्ट्रपति बाइडेन का चुनाव अभियान "मध्यम वर्ग के लिए एक विदेश नीति" पर आधारित था और एक ऐसा अमेरिका चाहता था जो असमानताओं को कम करने (और शिकारी व्यापार प्रथाओं से लड़ने) के लिए दुनिया भर में लोगों, नवाचारों और लोकतंत्रों को एकजुट करने में निवेश करे
  • अमेरिका अब स्वीकार करता है कि शीत युद्ध के लिए परमाणु बम, मिसाइल, विमान वाहक और विदेशी ठिकानों की जरूरत थी, लेकिन 21वीं सदी के संकट को एक नए दृष्टिकोण की जरूरत है
  • अमेरिका को अब घरेलू उद्योगों के नवीनीकरण पर ध्यान देना है, प्रमुख प्रौद्योगिकियों में अग्रणी भूमिका निभानी है, लचीला आपूर्ति श्रृंखला बनाना है, साइबर हमलों से ठीक से लड़ना है और जलवायु परिवर्तन से तत्काल लड़ना है
  • सभी प्रमुख राष्ट्र हमेशा ऐसी विदेश नीतियों को आजमाते हैं जो घर पर मदद करती हैं, क्योंकि सभी सरकारों के लिए राजनीतिक समर्थन जरूरी है; लेकिन 2017 में ट्रम्प के अचानक उदय ने अमेरिकी उदारवादियों और रूढ़िवादियों दोनों को झकझोर दिया, क्योंकि नीति निर्माताओं और अमेरिकी भीतरी इलाकों के बीच की खाई को उन्होनें स्पष्ट उजागर किया था
  • राष्ट्रपति बाइडेन सभी विभागों को साथ लेकर एक एकीकृत नीति बना रहे हैं (विदेश नीति, अर्थव्यवस्था, घरेलू नीति, प्रौद्योगिकी नीति)
  • भारत ने महामारी 2020 में भी महसूस किया कि वह चीनी आयात पर कितना निर्भर हो गया है, और एलएसी पर पीएलए के सैनिकों का सामना करते हुए, यह एक गंभीर अहसास था
  • आपूर्ति श्रृंखला निर्भरता वास्तव में अब भारत के लिए एक राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा मुद्दा था, जिसे अब और नजरअंदाज नहीं किया जा सकता है
  • तो भारत ने क्या किया? इसने महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्रों में घरेलू क्षमताओं के निर्माण की कोशिश की, और अन्य देशों के साथ नए एफटीए की मांग की
  • सेना प्रमुख एमएम नरवणे ने कहा कि "राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा में युद्ध और रक्षा से कहीं अधिक शामिल है, और भोजन, स्वास्थ्य, वित्त, ऊर्जा और पर्यावरण में भी सुरक्षा शामिल है" (इसलिए एक 'संपूर्ण सरकार' दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता है)
  • अब, दुनिया महामारी के बाद के चरण में है, और देश संसाधनों से जूझ रहे हैं; सभी को नागरिक-सैन्य तालमेल बनाना होगा
  • एक उदाहरण रक्षा खरीद का स्वदेशीकरण है, जो घरेलू उद्योग या सैन्य रसद क्षमता को आपात स्थिति के दौरान सरकारों की मदद करने आदि में मदद करता है।
  • आगे बढ़ते हुए, सरकारों को अपने लक्ष्यों, तरीकों और साधनों का अधिक से अधिक संतुलन में उपयोग करना होगा, और राज्य कला के सभी साधनों को विदेशी और घरेलू को एक साथ लाना होगा।
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PT's IAS Academy: National security concept undergoing massive shift
National security concept undergoing massive shift
World is changing fundamentally, and governments are reconceptualising their national security needs, keeping a focus on the domestic.
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PT's IAS Academy
https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/09/hindu-editorial-analysis-10-september-2021-fourth.html
https://civils.pteducation.com/
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