Laws made poorly make a poor legal system

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If the Parliament doesn't make laws through due deliberations, the judiciary has tools to make them do so.

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 Laws made poorly make a poor legal system


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    • ENGLISH ANALYSIS
  • Indian Parliament has been found to be passing laws without adequate deliberation, leading to avoidable litigation later, as pointed out by the Supreme Court's Chief Justice NV Ramana in August 2021
  • A wrong measure of judging Parliamentary efficiency is the sheer number of Bills passed in a session; that's flawed as there's no meaningful deliberation at all on those Bills
  • There's no questioning of concerned Minister, no scrutiny by relevant Parliamentary Committees and no thought on the implications of those new laws on individual freedoms
  • Rushed lawmaking turns meaningless two core ideals of a Parliamentary democracy - equal participation of all social groups, and respect for fundamental rights
  • But the Judiciary can play a big role in ensuring that laws are passed properly
  • Consider Article 100, that required a majority vote for any Bill to be passed in the Parliament; in reality, even when there's confusion on exact number of voice votes (Ayes versus Nays), the Speaker may choose to pass them
  • Recent example: the three Farm laws rushed through the Rajya Sabha with a voice vote despite vehement opposition
  • Consider Article 110, that governs Money Bills. To bypass the Rajya Sabha, even Bills that are remotely not Money Bills, are being packaged thus, and passed! (Only Bills related to imposition of taxes, regulation of borrowings, and appropriation of CFI money can be Money Bills)
  • The Supreme Court did step in once, in the Aadhar case, but it took too long, and didn't go the whole way
  • When legal challenges remain pending for years, the State then claims that "rights and obligations under the law cannot be now disturbed for mere procedural violations"
  • The judiciary, while exercising judicial review, can ask the State to explain why a law is reasonable (and hence, valid), and during this examination it can check the quality and amount of debate on this aspect (The Parliament debate should reflect all aspects like reasonableness, facts, necessity, proportionality)
  • In the 2013 case "Indian Hotel and Restaurants Association", the SC invalidated a law banning bar dancers in hotels with less than three stars, as reflective of class bias, and violative of equality
  • State's logic: such places are dens of trafficking; Judiciary's logic: no such facts or data seen in the deliberations while passing the law
  • Doctrine of "presumption of constitutionality" asks the Court to restrain itself, and assume that legislators have done the right job in lawmaking, and its reasonableness
  • The logic in this doctrine is that legislature actually takes care of needs of its varied people, but the truth is quite different
  • Many such laws end up putting unreasonable restrictions on rights, and the State then pushes for this doctrine, to avoid judicial scrutiny; and if the judiciary now accepts that view, fundamental rights may be harmed!
  • So, the Supreme Court ought to let that doctrine apply only to laws made with careful Parliamentary debate and deliberation, not otherwise
  • The CJI is right in respecting the idea of 'separation of powers', and asking the legislature to reform from within, but that is not happening
  • It is time for the judiciary to use all tools available to nudge the legislature to engage in proper deliberations during lawmaking
  • There's an added benefit for Parliament (or Assemblies) here - if laws are struck down on procedural grounds (and not later on substantive grounds), the legislature can re-enact the laws by removing the procedural defects (and through proper deliberation)
  • Only the judiciary can now address this particular dysfunction, no one else can
  • [message]
    • HINDI ANALYSIS
  • हाल के वर्षों में, भारतीय संसद को पर्याप्त विचार-विमर्श के बिना कानून पारित करते पाया गया है, जिसके कारण बाद में परिहार्य मुकदमेबाजी हुई, जैसा कि अगस्त 2021 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट के मुख्य न्यायाधीश एनवी रमना ने कहा
  • संसदीय दक्षता को आंकने का एक गलत उपाय एक सत्र में पारित विधेयकों की अधिक संख्या है; यह त्रुटिपूर्ण है क्योंकि उन विधेयकों पर कोई सार्थक विचार-विमर्श नहीं हुआ होता है
  • संबंधित मंत्री से कोई पूछताछ नहीं होती है, संबंधित संसदीय समितियों द्वारा कोई जांच नहीं की गई होती है और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता पर उन नए कानूनों के प्रभाव पर कोई विचार नहीं किया गया होता है
  • जल्दबाजी में कानून बनाना संसदीय लोकतंत्र के दो मूल आदर्शों को अर्थहीन बना देता है - सभी सामाजिक समूहों की समान भागीदारी, और मौलिक अधिकारों का सम्मान
  • लेकिन न्यायपालिका यह सुनिश्चित करने में बड़ी भूमिका निभा सकती है कि कानूनों को ठीक से पारित किया जाए
  • अनुच्छेद 100 देखें, जिसके लिए संसद में किसी भी विधेयक को पारित करने के लिए बहुमत की आवश्यकता होती है; वास्तव में, भले ही ध्वनि मतों की सही संख्या (हां बनाम ना) पर भ्रम हो, अध्यक्ष उन्हें पारित करने का विकल्प चुन सकता है
  • हालिया उदाहरण: तीन कृषि कानूनों को जोरदार विरोध के बावजूद ध्वनिमत से राज्यसभा में पारित कर दिया गया
  • अनुच्छेद 110 देखें, जो धन विधेयकों को नियंत्रित करता है। राज्यसभा को दरकिनार करने के लिए, यहां तक ​​कि ऐसे विधेयक भी जो दूर से धन विधेयक नहीं हैं, इस प्रकार पैक किए जा रहे हैं, और पारित किए जा रहे हैं! (केवल कर लगाने, उधार के नियमन और सीएफआई धन के विनियोग से संबंधित विधेयक ही धन विधेयक हो सकते हैं)
  • आधार मामले में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने एक बार कदम उठाया, लेकिन इसमें बहुत समय लगा, और पूरी तरह से प्रभावी नहीं रहा
  • जब कानूनी चुनौतियां वर्षों तक लंबित रहती हैं, तब राज्य का दावा होता है कि "कानून के तहत अधिकारों और दायित्वों को अब केवल प्रक्रियात्मक उल्लंघनों के लिए परिवर्तित नहीं किया जा सकता है"
  • न्यायपालिका, न्यायिक समीक्षा करते समय, राज्य से यह समझाने के लिए कह सकती है कि एक कानून उचित क्यों है (और इसलिए, वैध), और इस परीक्षा के दौरान वह इस पहलू पर बहस की गुणवत्ता और मात्रा की जांच कर सकता है (संसद की बहस में सभी पहलुओं को प्रतिबिंबित करना चाहिए) तर्कसंगतता, तथ्य, आवश्यकता, आनुपातिकता की तरह)
  • 2013 के मामले में "इंडियन होटल एंड रेस्टोरेंट्स एसोसिएशन", SC ने तीन सितारों से कम के होटलों में बार डांसर्स पर प्रतिबंध लगाने वाले कानून को अमान्य कर दिया, क्योंकि यह वर्ग पूर्वाग्रह को दर्शाता है, और समानता का उल्लंघन है
  • राज्य का तर्क: ऐसे स्थान अवैध व्यापार के गढ़ हैं; न्यायपालिका का तर्क: कानून पारित करते समय विचार-विमर्श में ऐसा कोई तथ्य या डेटा नहीं देखा गया
  • "संवैधानिकता की धारणा" का सिद्धांत न्यायालय को खुद को संयमित करने के लिए कहता है, और यह मान लेता है कि विधायकों ने कानून बनाने में सही काम किया है, और इसकी तर्कसंगतता
  • इस सिद्धांत में तर्क यह है कि विधायिका वास्तव में अपने विविध लोगों की जरूरतों का ख्याल रखती है, लेकिन सच्चाई बिल्कुल अलग है
  • ऐसे कई कानून अधिकारों पर अनुचित प्रतिबंध लगाते हैं, और फिर राज्य न्यायिक जांच से बचने के लिए इस सिद्धांत पर जोर देता है; और अगर न्यायपालिका अब उस विचार को स्वीकार कर लेती है, तो मौलिक अधिकारों को नुकसान हो सकता है!
  • इसलिए, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को उस सिद्धांत को केवल सावधानीपूर्वक संसदीय बहस और विचार-विमर्श के साथ बनाए गए कानूनों पर लागू करने देना चाहिए, अन्यथा नहीं
  • CJI 'शक्तियों के पृथक्करण' के विचार का सम्मान करने और विधायिका को भीतर से सुधार करने के लिए कहने में सही है, लेकिन ऐसा नहीं हो रहा है
  • न्यायपालिका के लिए यह समय है कि वह विधायिका को कानून बनाने के दौरान उचित विचार-विमर्श में शामिल करने के लिए उपलब्ध सभी साधनों का उपयोग करे।
  • यहां संसद (या विधानसभाओं) के लिए एक अतिरिक्त लाभ है - यदि कानून प्रक्रियात्मक आधार पर (और बाद में मूल आधार पर नहीं) निरसित होता है, तो विधायिका प्रक्रियात्मक दोषों को दूर करके (और उचित विचार-विमर्श के माध्यम से) कानूनों को फिर से लागू कर सकती है
  • केवल न्यायपालिका ही अब इस विशेष शिथिलता को दूर कर सकती है, कोई और नहीं कर सकता
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PT's IAS Academy: Laws made poorly make a poor legal system
Laws made poorly make a poor legal system
If the Parliament doesn't make laws through due deliberations, the judiciary has tools to make them do so.
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnDOPmY1AJEdYHjly6RXZJMirpiuW123Pb6hvvRHh4L4irCQ62jrIGUE5czvoAZ0jCuCR_8BFD_SFQcnFytQrSu67XxlBCsEZ5DHBfVVvrQ9LjxEyvFzNQvpOnZ29R5Mn7bPj4NMuuRXc/s16000/edit+4.jpg
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PT's IAS Academy
https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/09/hindu-editorial-analysis-06-september-2021-fourth.html
https://civils.pteducation.com/
https://civils.pteducation.com/
https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/09/hindu-editorial-analysis-06-september-2021-fourth.html
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