Many shades of Nationalism

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Nationalism and liberalism are opposite ideas, and evolve with time, with many inherent shades.

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 Many shades of Nationalism


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    • ENGLISH ANALYSIS
  • Often, the ideas of nationalism and liberalism are considered mutually exclusive
  • In 1947, the Britishers claimed that their transfer of power to nationalists of India proved the empire had liberal foundations!
  • Note that the illiberal Soviet Union gave huge support to anti-colonial movements (during the Cold War)
  • Once the "nation state" had risen, wars happened due to desire for expansion
  • Europe saw perpetual wars, and Japan's nationalism (19th-20th c.) led to wars with China particularly (Europe became ethnic-oriented and more illiberal)
  • What was the driving force? Nationalism, or capitalism-driven colonialism?
  • Before 1947, in general, nationalism was viewed suspiciously; Tagore called it a malign ideology
  • He differentiated between the mechanical, soulless Nation of the West, versus the englightenment values of internationalism and universalism of Spirit of West
  • VD Savarkar compared his Hindutva nationalism with Buddhist universalism, calling the latter a weak idea, with no centre of gravity
  • Nehru praised nationalism in the 1950s, as a positive force that fought colonialism
  • He warned that extreme nationalism could later degenerate into fascism and expansionism
  • PM Modi's party believes in the thinking of Savarkar and MS Golwalkar, that pushes Indian cultural nationalism; it attempts the impossible task of balancing hard power and peace promotion
  • At the core, nationalism promotes collective identity, while liberalism stands for individual freedom and self-determination
  • Nationalism carries an emotional appeal, while liberalism appeals to professional, educated classes (universal rights etc.)
  • In Asia, when economies do well, the politics becomes conservative (autocracies of China, Singapore, Vietnam)
  • When crises strike, democracies begin rising (Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, sometimes Thailand)
  • Asian nations don't mind state intervention in individual autonomy, and Western ideas of civil and political rights is not as valued
  • Post Second World War, liberalism contributed in embracing democracy, free trade, international law, multilateralism, environmental protection and human rights
  • But if the West tries to "impose" these values on some crisis-torn nation, it doesn't work out well (e.g. Afghanistan)
  • Liberalism is now under attack even in the US by the far-right, as the attacks by President Trump showed
  • Even the left-wing attacks by Senator Bernie Sanders who considers the neo-liberal rich and powerful global economy worth a change now, is an example
  • The United Nations shows the tensions in its working, where the Security Council and General Assembly are structured on different principles
  • Hence the call for reforming it, and including India, Japan, Germany and others as permanent members of S.C.
  • In history, both India and China suffered due to Western Imperialism, and supported the ideas of the Panchsheel - sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference
  • It rejects sovereignty based on human rights protection alone
  • When the Non-Aligned Movement arose, it projected soft power, but some nations (China, India, Pakistan) soon veered into hard power of nuclear weapons
  • Today, India and China constantly question the UN system, and the financial institutions of the world, but are not able to offer an alternative world vision (based on Asian nationalism) 
  • [message]
    • HINDI ANALYSIS
  • अक्सर, राष्ट्रवाद और उदारवाद के विचारों को परस्पर अनन्य माना जाता है
  • 1947 में, अंग्रेजों ने दावा किया कि भारत के राष्ट्रवादियों को सत्ता के हस्तांतरण ने साबित कर दिया कि साम्राज्य की नींव उदार थी!
  • ध्यान दें कि उदारवादी सोवियत संघ ने उपनिवेश विरोधी आंदोलनों (शीत युद्ध के दौरान) को भारी समर्थन दिया था
  • एक बार जब "राष्ट्र राज्य" का उदय हुआ, तो विस्तार की इच्छा के कारण युद्ध हुए
  • यूरोप ने सतत युद्ध देखे, और जापान के राष्ट्रवाद (19 वीं -20 वीं सी।) ने विशेष रूप से चीन के साथ युद्धों को जन्म दिया (यूरोप जातीय-उन्मुख और अधिक अनुदार हो गया)
  • प्रेरक शक्ति क्या थी? राष्ट्रवाद, या पूंजीवाद से प्रेरित उपनिवेशवाद?
  • १९४७ से पहले, सामान्य तौर पर, राष्ट्रवाद को संदेह की दृष्टि से देखा जाता था; टैगोर ने इसे एक द्वेषपूर्ण विचारधारा कहा
  • उन्होंने पश्चिम के यांत्रिक, स्मृतिहीन राष्ट्र, बनाम अंतर्राष्ट्रीयतावाद के प्रबोधन मूल्यों और पश्चिम की आत्मा के सार्वभौमिकता के बीच अंतर किया
  • वीडी सावरकर ने अपने हिंदुत्व राष्ट्रवाद की तुलना बौद्ध सार्वभौमिकता से की, बाद वाले को एक कमजोर विचार बताया, जिसमें गुरुत्वाकर्षण का कोई केंद्र नहीं था
  • नेहरू ने 1950 के दशक में उपनिवेशवाद से लड़ने वाली सकारात्मक शक्ति के रूप में राष्ट्रवाद की प्रशंसा की
  • उन्होंने चेतावनी दी कि चरम राष्ट्रवाद बाद में फासीवाद और विस्तारवाद में बदल सकता है
  • पीएम मोदी की पार्टी सावरकर और एमएस गोलवलकर की सोच में विश्वास करती है, जो भारतीय सांस्कृतिक राष्ट्रवाद को आगे बढ़ाती है; यह कठिन शक्ति और शांति संवर्धन को संतुलित करने के असंभव कार्य का प्रयास करता है
  • मूल रूप से, राष्ट्रवाद सामूहिक पहचान को बढ़ावा देता है, जबकि उदारवाद व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता और आत्मनिर्णय के लिए खड़ा है
  • राष्ट्रवाद एक भावनात्मक अपील करता है, जबकि उदारवाद पेशेवर, शिक्षित वर्गों (सार्वभौमिक अधिकार आदि) के लिए अपील करता है
  • एशिया में, जब अर्थव्यवस्थाएं अच्छा करती हैं, तो राजनीति रूढ़िवादी हो जाती है (चीन, सिंगापुर, वियतनाम की निरंकुशता)
  • जब संकट आता है, लोकतंत्र बढ़ने लगता है (इंडोनेशिया, दक्षिण कोरिया, ताइवान, कभी-कभी थाईलैंड)
  • एशियाई राष्ट्रों को व्यक्तिगत स्वायत्तता में राज्य के हस्तक्षेप से कोई आपत्ति नहीं है, और नागरिक और राजनीतिक अधिकारों के पश्चिमी विचारों को उतना महत्व नहीं दिया जाता है
  • द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद, उदारवाद ने लोकतंत्र, मुक्त व्यापार, अंतर्राष्ट्रीय कानून, बहुपक्षवाद, पर्यावरण संरक्षण और मानवाधिकारों को अपनाने में योगदान दिया
  • लेकिन अगर पश्चिम किसी संकटग्रस्त राष्ट्र पर इन मूल्यों को "थोपने" की कोशिश करता है, तो यह अच्छी तरह से काम नहीं करता है (जैसे अफगानिस्तान)
  • उदारवाद अब अमेरिका में भी धुर दक्षिणपंथियों द्वारा हमला किया जा रहा है, जैसा कि राष्ट्रपति ट्रम्प के हमलों ने दिखाया
  • यहां तक ​​​​कि सीनेटर बर्नी सैंडर्स द्वारा वामपंथी हमले, जो नव-उदारवादी समृद्ध और शक्तिशाली वैश्विक अर्थव्यवस्था को अब बदलाव के लायक मानते हैं, एक उदाहरण है
  • संयुक्त राष्ट्र अपने कामकाज में तनाव दिखाता है, जहां सुरक्षा परिषद और महासभा विभिन्न सिद्धांतों पर संरचित हैं
  • इसलिए इसे सुधारने का आह्वान, और भारत, जापान, जर्मनी और अन्य को एस.सी. के स्थायी सदस्य के रूप में शामिल करना
  • इतिहास में, भारत और चीन दोनों को पश्चिमी साम्राज्यवाद के कारण नुकसान उठाना पड़ा, और पंचशील के विचारों का समर्थन किया - संप्रभुता, क्षेत्रीय अखंडता, और गैर-हस्तक्षेप
  • यह अकेले मानवाधिकार संरक्षण के आधार पर संप्रभुता को खारिज करता है
  • जब गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन का उदय हुआ, तो उसने नरम शक्ति का अनुमान लगाया, लेकिन कुछ राष्ट्र (चीन, भारत, पाकिस्तान) जल्द ही परमाणु हथियारों की कठोर शक्ति में आ गए।
  • आज, भारत और चीन संयुक्त राष्ट्र प्रणाली और दुनिया के वित्तीय संस्थानों पर लगातार सवाल उठाते हैं, लेकिन एक वैकल्पिक विश्व दृष्टि (एशियाई राष्ट्रवाद पर आधारित) की पेशकश करने में सक्षम नहीं हैं
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PT's IAS Academy: Many shades of Nationalism
Many shades of Nationalism
Nationalism and liberalism are opposite ideas, and evolve with time, with many inherent shades.
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PT's IAS Academy
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