Don't monetise assets, monetise debt

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The NMP plan suffers from serious lacunae, and it's best to go with debt monetisation and not NMP.

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 Don't monetise assets, monetise debt


Read more on - Polity | Economy | Schemes | S&T | Environment


  • [message]
    • ENGLISH ANALYSIS
  • The government is planning to sell the revenue streams of some public assets, over next four years, as part of its NMP (National Monetisation Plan)
  • A total of Rs.6 trillion (~ 3% of GDP 2020-21) may be realiased in the pipeline, made up of railways stations freight corridors, airports, toll highways etc.
  • Why do this? To raise money for more infrastructure building. Other routes? The setting up of a DFI (Development Finance Institution), and more share through regular Budgets
  • Questions NMP raises - (i) How is it different from the DP model (disinvestment-privatisation)? (ii) DP earnings fell short always, so won't NMP too fall short? (iii) Is NMP a desperate way to raise finance, in a situation where despite sharp tax rise, the tax to GDP ratio is stagnant? (iv) Would a fair value be possible, then, when private parties know GoI's compulsions?
  • Govt. is claiming it's not a sale of assets, but "monetisation" of assets, where a limited period lease will be given to private sector firm, in exchange for upfront payment today (or instalments)
  • But that value will be derived from Net Present Value (NPV) of future revenue with an implicit interest rate (sale or lease)' GoI clarifies that sale involves transfer of ownership also (but minority stake sale doesn't involve that)
  • Two ways to monetise, in the NMP - (i) Public-Private Partnership (PPP), and (ii) structured financing to tap stock markets
  • But infrastructure PPPs are a proven failure in India, with some exceptions (airports at Mumbai and Delhi, and highway construction)
  • Most infra PPP projects could not honour bank loan repayments, after the global financial crisis of 2007-08, that led to a slowdown (and that created the banking NPAs India is struggling with till today)
  • So a way out being proposed is InvIT - Infrastructure Investment Trust - to raise finance from stock markets
  • InvITs are like mutual funds, with performance linked mostly to stock prices
  • From 1991, when disinvestment began, govt. gave bundles of PSU stocks to the FI called UTI, that sold it in the booming stock market, and got the best prices
  • Then came the Harshad Mehta scam, markets crashed, and the whole disinvestment process stalled for a decade; the current stock market boom may meet a similar fate, so caution is warranted
  • Why the fear? Because if the US Federal Reserve reduces its asset buying programme (QE), the hot money inflows into India will stop, and markets crash
  • By end 2021-22, India's GDP wil at best reach the level seen in 2019-20, due to the large contraction in 2020-21; the aggregate saving and investment rates are quite down now
  • Stocks are divorced from the real economy, and the NMP may look like a fire sale only
  • Instead of this NMP, the govt. can think of monetising debt, with committed market borrowing from both RBI and the market? Since interest rates are very low today, and bank credit isn't growing, just borrow and finance the proposed infra projects
  • Objections to this idea are - cost of borrowing, hurting private investments (crowding out), and rising inflation
  • Cost of borrowing - Govt of India borrowed at 5.21% in 2020-21, and inflation rate (CPI) was 6.2%. So real interest rate was minus 0.4%
  • Private investment won't be hurt as there's so much liquidity in the market
  • Inflation risk is limited as demand pressures are limited
  • What about rising Debt to GDP ratio? If the govt. uses more debt to push GDP growth, there is little risk even in that
  • There's far more risk in foreign debt liability (FPI in India) than debt monetisation in domestic currency used only for productive purposes
  • Summary - (a) The NMP is a retail sale (lease) of revenue-earning public assets where complaints of corruption and cronyism can derail it, being brought in to revive demand, and halt economic decline; (b) Main instruments are PPP and InvIT, both with major problems; (c) It's at best a fire sale
  • Go for debt monetisation, and not the NMP
  • [message]
    • HINDI ANALYSIS
  • सरकार अपने एनएमपी (राष्ट्रीय मुद्रीकरण योजना) के हिस्से के रूप में, अगले चार वर्षों में कुछ सार्वजनिक संपत्तियों की राजस्व धाराओं को बेचने की योजना बना रही है
  • रेलवे स्टेशनों के माल गलियारों, हवाई अड्डों, टोल राजमार्गों आदि से बने पाइपलाइन में कुल ६ ट्रिलियन (जीडीपी २०२०-२१ का ३%) प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।
  • यह क्यों? अधिक बुनियादी ढांचे के निर्माण के लिए धन जुटाने के लिए। अन्य मार्ग? एक डीएफआई (विकास वित्त संस्थान) की स्थापना, और नियमित बजट के माध्यम से अधिक हिस्सेदारी
  • प्रश्न एनएमपी उठाता है - (i) यह डीपी मॉडल (विनिवेश-निजीकरण) से कैसे भिन्न है? (ii) डीपी की कमाई हमेशा कम रही, तो क्या एनएमपी भी कम नहीं होगा? (iii) क्या एनएमपी वित्त जुटाने का एक हताश तरीका है, ऐसी स्थिति में जहां कर में तेज वृद्धि के बावजूद, कर और जीडीपी अनुपात स्थिर है? (iv) क्या उचित मूल्य तब संभव होगा, जब निजी पक्ष भारत सरकार की मजबूरियों को जानेंगे?
  • सरकार का दावा है कि यह संपत्ति की बिक्री नहीं है, बल्कि संपत्ति का "मुद्रीकरण" है, जहां आज (या किश्तों) के अग्रिम भुगतान के बदले में निजी क्षेत्र की फर्म को सीमित अवधि का पट्टा दिया जाएगा
  • लेकिन वह मूल्य एक निहित ब्याज दर (बिक्री या पट्टे) के साथ भविष्य के राजस्व के शुद्ध वर्तमान मूल्य (एनपीवी) से प्राप्त किया जाएगा' भारत सरकार स्पष्ट करती है कि बिक्री में स्वामित्व का हस्तांतरण भी शामिल है (लेकिन अल्पसंख्यक हिस्सेदारी बिक्री में वह शामिल नहीं है)
  • एनएमपी में मुद्रीकरण के दो तरीके - (i) सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी (पीपीपी), और (ii) शेयर बाजारों को टैप करने के लिए संरचित वित्तपोषण
  • लेकिन कुछ अपवादों (मुंबई और दिल्ली में हवाई अड्डे, और राजमार्ग निर्माण) के साथ, बुनियादी ढांचा पीपीपी भारत में एक सिद्ध विफलता है
  • 2007-08 के वैश्विक वित्तीय संकट के बाद, अधिकांश इन्फ्रा पीपीपी परियोजनाएं बैंक ऋण चुकौती का सम्मान नहीं कर सकीं, जिसके कारण मंदी आई (और इसने बैंकिंग एनपीए का निर्माण किया जिससे भारत आज तक संघर्ष कर रहा है)
  • तो एक रास्ता प्रस्तावित किया जा रहा है InvIT - इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर इन्वेस्टमेंट ट्रस्ट - शेयर बाजारों से वित्त जुटाने के लिए
  • InvITs म्यूचुअल फंड की तरह होते हैं, जिनका प्रदर्शन ज्यादातर स्टॉक की कीमतों से जुड़ा होता है
  • 1991 से, जब विनिवेश शुरू हुआ, सरकार। यूटीआई नामक एफआई को पीएसयू शेयरों के बंडल दिए, जो इसे तेजी से बढ़ते शेयर बाजार में बेच दिया, और सर्वोत्तम मूल्य प्राप्त किया
  • फिर आया हर्षद मेहता घोटाला, बाजार चरमरा गया और विनिवेश की पूरी प्रक्रिया एक दशक तक ठप रही; मौजूदा शेयर बाजार में उछाल एक समान भाग्य को पूरा कर सकता है, इसलिए सावधानी जरूरी है
  • डर क्यों? क्योंकि अगर अमेरिकी फेडरल रिजर्व अपने परिसंपत्ति खरीद कार्यक्रम (क्यूई) को कम कर देता है, तो भारत में गर्म धन का प्रवाह रुक जाएगा और बाजार दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो जाएगा
  • २०२१-२२ के अंत तक, २०२०-२१ में बड़े संकुचन के कारण, भारत की जीडीपी २०१९-२० में देखे गए स्तर तक पहुंच जाएगी; कुल बचत और निवेश दरें अब काफी नीचे हैं
  • स्टॉक वास्तविक अर्थव्यवस्था से अलग हो गए हैं, और एनएमपी केवल आग की बिक्री की तरह लग सकता है
  • इस एनएमपी के बजाय, सरकार। क्या आरबीआई और बाजार दोनों से प्रतिबद्ध बाजार उधारी के साथ कर्ज के मुद्रीकरण के बारे में सोच सकते हैं? चूंकि आज ब्याज दरें बहुत कम हैं, और बैंक ऋण नहीं बढ़ रहा है, बस उधार लें और प्रस्तावित बुनियादी ढांचा परियोजनाओं का वित्तपोषण करें
  • इस विचार पर आपत्तियां हैं - उधार लेने की लागत, निजी निवेश को नुकसान (भीड़ बाहर), और बढ़ती मुद्रास्फीति
  • (i) उधार लेने की लागत - भारत सरकार ने २०२०-२१ में ५.२१% उधार लिया, और मुद्रास्फीति दर (सीपीआई) ६.२% थी। तो वास्तविक ब्याज दर माइनस 0.4% थी
  • (ii) निजी निवेश को नुकसान नहीं होगा क्योंकि बाजार में बहुत अधिक तरलता है
  • (iii) मुद्रास्फीति जोखिम सीमित है क्योंकि मांग दबाव सीमित हैं
  • जीडीपी अनुपात में बढ़ते कर्ज के बारे में क्या? अगर सरकार. जीडीपी ग्रोथ को आगे बढ़ाने के लिए ज्यादा कर्ज का इस्तेमाल करता है, उसमें भी जोखिम कम है
  • केवल उत्पादक उद्देश्यों के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली घरेलू मुद्रा में ऋण मुद्रीकरण की तुलना में विदेशी ऋण देयता (भारत में एफपीआई) में कहीं अधिक जोखिम है
  • सारांश - (ए) एनएमपी राजस्व अर्जित करने वाली सार्वजनिक संपत्तियों की एक खुदरा बिक्री (पट्टा) है जहां भ्रष्टाचार और क्रोनिज्म की शिकायतें इसे पटरी से उतार सकती हैं, मांग को पुनर्जीवित करने और आर्थिक गिरावट को रोकने के लिए लाया जा सकता है; (बी) मुख्य उपकरण पीपीपी और इनविट हैं, दोनों बड़ी समस्याओं के साथ; (सी) यह सबसे अच्छी आग बिक्री है
  • ऋण मुद्रीकरण के लिए जाएं, न कि एनएमपी 


#NMP #Monetisation #Debt #Infrastructure #PPP #InvIT 

Read more on - Polity | Economy | Schemes | S&T | Environment


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मुद्दे,15,बोधगम्यता के मूल तत्व,2,भारत का प्राचीन एवं मध्यकालीन इतिहास,47,भारत का स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष,19,भारत में कला वास्तुकला एवं साहित्य,11,भारत में शासन,18,भारतीय कृषि एवं संबंधित मुद्दें,10,भारतीय संविधान,14,महत्वपूर्ण हस्तियां,6,यूपीएससी मुख्य परीक्षा,91,यूपीएससी मुख्य परीक्षा जीएस,117,यूरोपीय,6,विश्व इतिहास की मुख्य घटनाएं,16,विश्व एवं भारतीय भूगोल,24,स्टडी मटेरियल,266,स्वतंत्रता-पश्चात् भारत,15,
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PT's IAS Academy: Don't monetise assets, monetise debt
Don't monetise assets, monetise debt
The NMP plan suffers from serious lacunae, and it's best to go with debt monetisation and not NMP.
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbd0SJvD0Y2MBq_LfFn5_MhGrVJ9PczoeI6u17K_zt3JzpNCrLLVXTdIFWbSagdyaE8LA_hlqseWLtEIW8XmxxeR_y2UN1SIbpkLijcX69QV9eJktO-IXTGCWdoEGeWi8wAeL92sAFjqY/s16000/edit+2.jpg
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbd0SJvD0Y2MBq_LfFn5_MhGrVJ9PczoeI6u17K_zt3JzpNCrLLVXTdIFWbSagdyaE8LA_hlqseWLtEIW8XmxxeR_y2UN1SIbpkLijcX69QV9eJktO-IXTGCWdoEGeWi8wAeL92sAFjqY/s72-c/edit+2.jpg
PT's IAS Academy
https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/09/hindu-editorial-analysis-01-september-2021-second.html
https://civils.pteducation.com/
https://civils.pteducation.com/
https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/09/hindu-editorial-analysis-01-september-2021-second.html
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