Building a system for healthcare liability

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Government can institutionalise a system of fixing legal responsbilities for medical service providers

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 Building a system for healthcare liability


  • India's DCGI granted an EUA to Covid-19 vaccines by Moderna, and J&J, in June and August 2021, respectively [DCGI - Drugs Controller General of India, J&J - Johnson and Johnson, EUA - Emergency Use Authorisation]
  • Soon, a huge lot of Pfizer-BioNTech's mRNA vaccine will also be received (via COVAX mechanism)
  • A key problem is the government's indecision on "request for indemnity" from vacine makers, that will protect them from legal liabilities from people who face AEFI (Adverse Events Following Immunisation)
  • All vaccines are given regulatory approvals only after rigorous review of safety and efficacy, but being an immuno-biological substance, vaccines can lead to AEFIs (some are well known - VITT (vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia) and Myocarditis)
  • India needs more vaccines, on a sustained basis, as the vaccination drive has under-performed, and till date less than 40% have got one dose, and only 11% of total population is fully vaccinated
  • Govt. has tried many things - faster authorisation of vaccines already approved by US, UK, Japan and Europe, and those in WHO emergency use listing; waiving off requirements for bridging trials; etc. - and that led to EUA for two more vaccines but availability remains a question
  • Why so? Manufacturers are demanding indemnity, claiming their home nation has done it and so should India (vaccines under COVAX have indemnity)
  • Why not grant immunity? To hold the vaccine-makers accountable
  • The three vaccines in use today - Covishield, Covaxin and Sputnik V - are without any immunity
  • Government is taking its time on this issue as - (i) Supply from new makers will be quite small and (ii) If immunity is given to some, it has to be given to all
  • FIRST - Existing rules (clinical trials) state that any trial subject that faces injury or death in clinical trials must be compensated
  • There aren't any compensation rules for routine immunisation in India, but the legal responsibility for any vaccine injury lies with the makers
  • So Indians will need an alternative system for making legal compensation claims, in case govt. grants immunity to Covid-19 vaccine-makers (who else but the govt. itself that'll have to compensate)
  • SECOND - Immunity should not end up becoming blanket protection for fraud or negligence
  • THIRD - Indian vaccine makers too will demand immunity once foreign ones are given the same
  • But even if India grants immunity, there are other mechanisms it has to ensure accountability
  • FIRST - the DCGI while granting regn. certificates is empowered to take action if the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, is violated
  • SECOND - Any Indian facing AEFI can file cases in consumer courts, and High Courts
  • THIRD - Amendements to the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, allow regulatory bodies to initiate class action suits against companies, based on individual complaints [class action suits - cases representing groups of people facing same problem]
  • From a citizen's perspective, compensation may come from govt or manufacturer (it doesn't matter), and even if manufacturers aren't given indemnity, governments cannot wash their hands off
  • Why not learn from countries that have granted indemnity, and adopted compensation programmes - US has the CICP, and others have their own
  • COVAX has underwritten the compensation burden to protect makers
  • Indian govt. has a good opportunity to build an institutionalised system for legal safeguards and compensation
  • Debate on indemnity has many consequences, going beyond Covid-19 vaccines
  • Decisions are getting delayed, and govt. must now finalise things quickly
  • Focus on citizen interest, quicker approvals, more availability and building institutional mechanisms for compensation
  • भारत के डीसीजीआई ने जून और अगस्त 2021 में मॉडर्ना, और जेएंडजे द्वारा क्रमशः कोविड -19 टीकों को ईयूए प्रदान किया [DCGI - ड्रग्स कंट्रोलर जनरल ऑफ इंडिया, J & J - जॉनसन एंड जॉनसन, EUA - आपातकालीन उपयोग प्राधिकरण]
  • जल्द ही, फाइजर-बायोएनटेक के एमआरएनए वैक्सीन का एक बड़ा हिस्सा भी प्राप्त किया जाएगा (सीओवैक्स तंत्र के माध्यम से)
  • एक प्रमुख समस्या वैक्सीन निर्माताओं से "क्षतिपूर्ति के लिए अनुरोध" पर सरकार की अनिर्णय है, जो उन्हें एईएफआई (प्रतिरक्षण के बाद प्रतिकूल घटना) का सामना करने वाले लोगों से कानूनी देनदारियों से बचाएगा
  • सभी टीकों को सुरक्षा और प्रभावकारिता की कठोर समीक्षा के बाद ही नियामक मंजूरी दी जाती है, लेकिन एक प्रतिरक्षा-जैविक पदार्थ होने के कारण, टीके एईएफआई (कुछ प्रसिद्ध हैं - वीआईटीटी (वैक्सीन-प्रेरित प्रतिरक्षा थ्रोम्बोटिक थ्रोम्बोसाइटोपेनिया) और मायोकार्डिटिस) को जन्म दे सकते हैं
  • भारत को निरंतर आधार पर अधिक टीकों की आवश्यकता है, क्योंकि टीकाकरण अभियान का प्रदर्शन कम रहा है, और अब तक 40% से कम को एक खुराक मिली है, और कुल आबादी का केवल 11% ही पूरी तरह से टीका लगाया गया है
  • सरकार ने कई कोशिशे की हैं - अमेरिका, ब्रिटेन, जापान और यूरोप द्वारा पहले से अनुमोदित टीकों का तेजी से प्राधिकरण, और डब्ल्यूएचओ आपातकालीन उपयोग सूची में; ब्रिजिंग परीक्षणों के लिए आवश्यकताओं को माफ करना; आदि - और इसके कारण EUA को दो और टीकों के लिए प्रेरित किया गया लेकिन उपलब्धता एक प्रश्न बनी हुई है
  • ऐसा क्यों? निर्माता क्षतिपूर्ति की मांग कर रहे हैं, यह दावा करते हुए कि उनके गृह राष्ट्र ने ऐसा किया है और ऐसा ही भारत को भी करना चाहिए (COVAX के तहत टीकों की क्षतिपूर्ति है)
  •  प्रतिरक्षा क्यों नहीं देते? वैक्सीन बनाने वालों को जवाबदेह ठहराने के लिए
  • आज उपयोग में आने वाले तीन टीके - कोविशील्ड, कोवैक्सिन और स्पुतनिक वी - बिना किसी प्रतिरक्षा (indemnity) के हैं
  • सरकार इस मुद्दे पर अपना समय ले रही है क्योंकि - (i) नए निर्माताओं से आपूर्ति काफी कम होगी और (ii) यदि कुछ को प्रतिरक्षा दी जाती है, तो इसे सभी को देना होगा
  • पहला - मौजूदा नियम (नैदानिक ​​परीक्षण) में कहा गया है कि कोई भी परीक्षण विषय जो नैदानिक ​​परीक्षणों में चोट या मृत्यु का सामना करता है, उसे मुआवजा दिया जाना चाहिए
  • भारत में नियमित टीकाकरण के लिए कोई मुआवजा नियम नहीं हैं, लेकिन किसी भी टीके की चोट के लिए कानूनी जिम्मेदारी निर्माताओं की है।
  • इसलिए भारतीयों को कानूनी मुआवजे के दावे करने के लिए एक वैकल्पिक प्रणाली की आवश्यकता होगी, यदि सरकार कोविड -19 वैक्सीन-निर्माताओं को प्रतिरक्षा प्रदान करती है तो (सरकार के अलावा और कौन होगा जो करेगा)
  • दूसरा - धोखाधड़ी या लापरवाही के लिए इम्युनिटी एक सुरक्षा नहीं बननी चाहिए
  • तीसरा - विदेशी वैक्सीन दिए जाने के बाद भारतीय वैक्सीन निर्माता भी इम्युनिटी की मांग करेंगे
  • लेकिन अगर भारत प्रतिरक्षा प्रदान करता है, तो भी जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करने के लिए अन्य तंत्र हैं
  • प्रथम - डीसीजीआई शासनादेश देते समय। अगर ड्रग्स एंड कॉस्मेटिक्स एक्ट, 1940 का उल्लंघन होता है, तो सर्टिफिकेट्स को कार्रवाई करने का अधिकार है
  • दूसरा - एईएफआई का सामना करने वाला कोई भी भारतीय उपभोक्ता अदालतों और उच्च न्यायालयों में मामले दर्ज कर सकता है
  • तीसरा - उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम, 1986 में संशोधन, नियामक निकायों को व्यक्तिगत शिकायतों के आधार पर कंपनियों के खिलाफ वर्ग कार्रवाई सूट शुरू करने की अनुमति देता है [वर्ग कार्रवाई सूट - एक ही समस्या का सामना करने वाले लोगों के समूहों का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले मामले]
  • एक नागरिक के दृष्टिकोण से, मुआवजा सरकार या निर्माता से आ सकता है (इससे कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता), और भले ही निर्माताओं को क्षतिपूर्ति न दी गई हो, सरकारें अपना हाथ नहीं धो सकती हैं
  • उन देशों से क्यों न सीखें जिन्होंने क्षतिपूर्ति प्रदान की है, और मुआवजे के कार्यक्रमों को अपनाया है - अमेरिका के पास सीआईसीपी है, और दूसरों के पास अपना है
  • COVAX ने निर्माताओं की सुरक्षा के लिए मुआवजे के बोझ को कम किया है
  • भारत सरकार। कानूनी सुरक्षा उपायों और मुआवजे के लिए एक संस्थागत प्रणाली बनाने का एक अच्छा अवसर है
  • क्षतिपूर्ति पर बहस के कई परिणाम हैं, कोविड -19 टीकों से आगे जाकर
  • फैसलों में देरी हो रही है, और सरकार। अब जल्दी से चीजों को अंतिम रूप देना चाहिए
  • नागरिक हित, त्वरित अनुमोदन, अधिक उपलब्धता और मुआवजे के लिए संस्थागत तंत्र के निर्माण पर ध्यान दें

#Covid #Pandemic #Vaccines #Indemnity #Healthcare


 

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PT's IAS Academy: Building a system for healthcare liability
Building a system for healthcare liability
Government can institutionalise a system of fixing legal responsbilities for medical service providers
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PT's IAS Academy
https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/08/hindu-editorial-analysis-30-august-2021-thired.html
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https://civils.pteducation.com/2021/08/hindu-editorial-analysis-30-august-2021-thired.html
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