Making Indian police more humane

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The fact that custodial deaths happen in Indian police stations even today, is a blot on a civilisation run by rule of law; it must change.

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 Making Indian police more humane


  • In August '21, India's CJI NV Ramana spoke of the poor human rights conditions inside India's police stations
  • He said that "the threat to human rights is the highest in police stations"! Those arrested have their constitutional rights, but do not get right legal support when detained
  • Deaths in police stations are a blot on the system, and must be investigated always
  • The NCRB data shows a minimum of 100 custodial deaths per annum (average) in past decade, due to many reasons (injuries, while escaping, suicide, illnesses etc.); not all deaths were judically investigated
  • The law on arrest says that for offences that are punishable up to 7 yrs of jail, the police must arrest only when convinced that the person will tamper evidence otherwise
  • The Supreme Court said that the power to arrest doesn't mean the need to always arrest
  • Even in Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) (torture for dowry), arrest is not mandatory, under Section 41 of CrPC
  • In other cases Courts have ruled that police will explain the reasons for arrest, to the magistrate, obviously to ensure that power to arrest is not abused
  • NCRB data also shows that arrest to offences ratio has been declining in India for some years now
  • A key recommendation over the years has been to separate the investigation function of the police from its law -and-order function (National Police Commission 1977-81, Law Commission 1996, Malimath Committee Report 2003, 'Prakash Singh v. Union of India, 2006)
  • It can be started from town with population more than 10 lakh, and a separate investigation wing will feel less need to use coercive methods to extract confessions
  • Why use coercion at all? To extract quick confessions from suspects, in conditions of work overload on civil police
  • Malimath Committee suggested that an IO (Investigating Officer) handle only 10 case each year
  • Newer crimes like white collar crimes and cybercrimes require domain expertise
  • A landmark ruling was "DK Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1996)", where the Supreme Court gave clear guidelines on custodial torture and more responsibility of the officer making the arrest
  • The CrPC incorporated the ruling's key elements - informing relatives, medical examination, meeting a lawyer, etc.
  • CCTV cameras have been installed inside police states now, and in the 2020 ruling in 'Paramvir Singh v. Baljit Singh', the SC asked states to cover more area of the police station by CCTV, and hold recordings for 18 months
  • A society run by rule of law cannot have custodial deaths, and the guilty must be punished
  • In some cases, policemen face criminal cases; in most cases, there are departmental enquiries; and in some cases, the NHRC recommends compensation
  • It is only through regular sensitisation of police force, pressure from the judiciary and the States, and genuine sense of concern for human rights, that this violation will come to an end, some day
  • अगस्त '21 में, भारत के मुख्या न्यायाधीश एन.वी. रमना ने भारत के पुलिस थानों के अंदर मानवाधिकारों की खराब स्थिति के बारे में बात की
  • उन्होंने कहा कि "पुलिस थानों में मानवाधिकारों के लिए सबसे ज्यादा खतरा है"! गिरफ्तार किए गए लोगों के पास उनके संवैधानिक अधिकार हैं, लेकिन हिरासत में लिए जाने पर उन्हें सही कानूनी सहायता नहीं मिलती है
  • पुलिस थानों में मौतें व्यवस्था पर एक धब्बा हैं, और इसकी हमेशा जांच होनी चाहिए
  • एन.सी.आर.बी. डेटा पिछले एक दशक में हिरासत में कम से कम 100 मौतों (औसत) को दर्शाता है, कई कारणों से (चोट, भागते समय, आत्महत्या, बीमारी आदि); सभी मौतों की न्यायिक जांच नहीं की गई
  • गिरफ्तारी का कानून कहता है कि 7 साल तक की जेल की सजा वाले अपराधों के लिए, पुलिस को तभी गिरफ्तार करना चाहिए जब यह आश्वस्त हो कि व्यक्ति सबूतों से छेड़छाड़ करेगा अन्यथा नहीं
  • सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने कहा कि गिरफ्तारी की शक्ति का मतलब हमेशा गिरफ्तार करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है
  • भारतीय दंड संहिता (आईपीसी) (दहेज के लिए यातना) की धारा 498 ए में भी सीआरपीसी की धारा 41 के तहत गिरफ्तारी अनिवार्य नहीं है
  • अन्य मामलों में अदालतों ने फैसला सुनाया है कि पुलिस गिरफ्तारी के कारणों की व्याख्या मजिस्ट्रेट को करेगी, जाहिर है यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कि गिरफ्तारी की शक्ति का दुरुपयोग न हो
  • एनसीआरबी के आंकड़ों से यह भी पता चलता है कि कुछ वर्षों से भारत में गिरफ्तारी से अपराध के अनुपात में गिरावट आ रही है
  • वर्षों से एक प्रमुख सिफारिश पुलिस के जांच कार्य को उसके कानून-व्यवस्था कार्य से अलग करने की रही है (राष्ट्रीय पुलिस आयोग 1977-81, विधि आयोग 1996, मलीमठ समिति रिपोर्ट 2003, 'प्रकाश सिंह बनाम भारत संघ, 2006)
  • इसे 10 लाख से अधिक आबादी वाले शहर से शुरू किया जा सकता है, और एक अलग जांच विंग को स्वीकारोक्ति निकालने के लिए जबरदस्ती के तरीकों का उपयोग करने की कम आवश्यकता महसूस होगी
  • जबरदस्ती का इस्तेमाल क्यों होता है? सिविल पुलिस पर कार्यभार की अधिकता की स्थिति में संदिग्धों से शीघ्र स्वीकारोक्ति प्राप्त करने के लिए
  • मलीमठ समिति ने सुझाव दिया कि एक आईओ (जांच अधिकारी) प्रत्येक वर्ष केवल 10 मामलों को ही संभाले
  • सफेदपोश अपराध और साइबर अपराध जैसे नए अपराधों के लिए डोमेन विशेषज्ञता की आवश्यकता होती है
  • एक ऐतिहासिक फैसला "डीके बसु बनाम पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य (1996)" था, जहां सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने हिरासत में यातना और गिरफ्तारी करने वाले अधिकारी की अधिक जिम्मेदारी पर स्पष्ट दिशानिर्देश दिए
  • सीआरपीसी ने सत्तारूढ़ के प्रमुख तत्वों को शामिल किया - रिश्तेदारों को सूचित करना, चिकित्सा परीक्षण, एक वकील से मिलना आदि।
  • अब पुलिस राज्यों के अंदर सीसीटीवी कैमरे लगाए गए हैं, और 'परमवीर सिंह बनाम बलजीत सिंह' में 2020 के फैसले में, सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने राज्यों को सीसीटीवी से पुलिस स्टेशन के अधिक क्षेत्र को कवर करने और 18 महीने के लिए रिकॉर्डिंग रखने के लिए कहा
  • कानून के शासन से चलने वाले समाज में हिरासत में मौत नहीं हो सकती है, और दोषियों को दंडित किया जाना चाहिए
  • कुछ मामलों में, पुलिसकर्मियों को आपराधिक मामलों का सामना करना पड़ता है; ज्यादातर मामलों में विभागीय पूछताछ होती है; और कुछ मामलों में, NHRC मुआवजे की सिफारिश करता है
  • पुलिस बल के नियमित संवेदीकरण, न्यायपालिका और राज्यों के दबाव और मानवाधिकारों के लिए वास्तविक चिंता के माध्यम से ही यह उल्लंघन समाप्त हो जाएगा, किसी दिन

#Police #IPS #IndianPolice #NCRB #Crimes #CustodialDeaths #PoliceReforms #MalimathCommittee 


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PT's IAS Academy: Making Indian police more humane
Making Indian police more humane
The fact that custodial deaths happen in Indian police stations even today, is a blot on a civilisation run by rule of law; it must change.
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PT's IAS Academy
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