Cuba's protests 2021, and the road ahead

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July 2021 saw Cubans protesting intensely on streets, opposing the pandemic's handling and demanding regime change.

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Cuba's protests 2021, and the road ahead

  • Cuban protests: July 2021 was a remarkable phase in post-revolutionary Cuba when Cubans protested intensely on streets, opposing the pandemic's handling and demanding regime change. Fidel Castro's given slogan 'Patria o Muerte" (Fatherland or Death) changed to "Patria y Vida" (Fatherland and Life).
  • Hardships: American sanctions hurt Cuba in the 1960s too, but recent sanctions have hurt badly, as Covid infections and deaths have surged (though much lower than Latin American countries).
  1. It was recently that Cuban scientists announced two local vaccines for Covid-19 - Abdala and Soberana-2 - but overall vaccination rates are low
  2. Pandemic brought a tourism collapse, leading to a GDP shrinkage of 11% for Cuba, and the govt. failed to secure enough cash to import fuel, food and basic goods
  • Steps taken: The govt. started cutting subsidies, and ending the dual-currency system, resulting in inflation and scarcities. Whatever little relaxations were given by President Obama were tightened by Trump, and since the overseas Cuban community in Florida supports the sanctions, even Biden is unable to reverse.
  • Ground situation: Cuba imports 70% of its food, and has a vast welfare programme. The USSR's collapse in 1990s brought trouble, and problems mounted. Social media added fuel to recent fire, and protests escalated.
  • Response: President Miguel Diaz-Canel denounced the protests first, and put his own supporters on the streets. The world media covered it extensively, and the President mellowed. He accepted there were shortages, and eased some restrictions.
  1. President Diaz-Canel was made the first secretary of ruling Communist Party in 2021, and is the first post-revolution generation president (he didn't take part in the overthrow of the Fulgencio Batista regime, 1959)
  2. It was the group of Fidel Castro, Ernesto Che Guevara, Raul Castro, Juan Almeida that started the armed struggle against Batista, propped up by external forces
  3. The group succeeded in 1959, and the 26th July Movement became a part of national liberation from 1959 to 1961, and became part of the ORI (Integrated Revolutionary Organisations), and then became the PURSC (United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution), and later the PCC (Cuban Communist Party) in 1965.
  • Nationalisation: All properties of oligarchs and foreigners was nationalised. Agrarian reforms were on. Stronger ties with the USSR were built.
  • Political views: The PCC was the 'vanguard of the people', and a single-party system. The govt. was PCC-led, answerable to a National Assembly of People's Power (Parliament since 1976).
  1. Members of this National Assembly come from local electoral districts nominations, from mass organisations (farmers, students, trade unions etc.)
  2. Public meetings also nominate representatives
  3. Logic is that such public participation keeps politics free from money power and ensures socialism stays alive
  4. Dissent is not tolerated
  • Since 2010: The PCC has realised that the economic system has grown weak, and Raul Castro (predecessor of Diaz-Canel)    took many slow and steady steps to rectify it. Small businesses, self-entrepreneurs and cooperative got more autonomy. Private property began getting recognised. FDI was welcomed.
  1. The hardline orthodox communists disliked all this, and didn't agree on dilution of state control on means of production
  2. The PCC wanted to emulate the Chinese example, and started liberalisation
  3. But due to US sanctions, progress was slow, and social sectors suffered
  4. New generation has litle memory of revolution years, and wants more freedom
  5. It thinks that the highly regulated economy is responsible for shortages
  • Summary: The regime has to first douse the pandemic fire, using own vaccines, quickly. Then economic reforms must end shortages. There's no point blaming the protestors now.


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PT's IAS Academy: Cuba's protests 2021, and the road ahead
Cuba's protests 2021, and the road ahead
July 2021 saw Cubans protesting intensely on streets, opposing the pandemic's handling and demanding regime change.
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